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"Ponds"
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Quantifying rapid spatial and temporal variations of CO.sub.2 fluxes from small, lowland freshwater ponds
Small ponds comprise a substantial portion of the total area of the Earth's inland waters. They can be powerful carbon sinks or sources, potentially significant processors of organic carbon. Our understanding of their role is constrained by the absence of information regarding their CO.sub.2 fluxes (F CO.sub.2) and how these change with wet or dry phases and across distinct pond plant communities. We monitored the F CO.sub.2 from 26 neighbouring small ponds over a 2-week drying period in late summer in 2014. The mean F CO.sub.2 on day 1 (-641 ± 1490 mg m.sup.-2 day.sup.-1) represented a net intake across the site. As ponds dried they switched to becoming CO.sub.2 sources resulting in a net site emission of CO.sub.2 by day 12 (3792 ± 2755 mg m.sup.-2 day.sup.-1) although flux rates did not vary systematically between plant communities. Significant variability in the F CO.sub.2 was observed amongst adjacent ponds on individual sampling days, resulting in marked spatial heterogeneity in CO.sub.2 processing. This large degree of temporal and spatial heterogeneity across short time periods and small distances highlights the variability in the F CO.sub.2 from temporary systems, making it hard to generalize their role in carbon cycle models.
Journal Article
Comparative Study of Shallow Solar Ponds with Different Depths
In this paper, an attempt has been made to design and construct the shallow solar ponds with different depths such as 0.06 m and 0.15 m at Coimbatore (11 ͦ - latitude and 77 ͦ - longitudes), Tamilnadu, and India. The experiments have been carried out during the period from January-March 2012. The energy balance equations have been written for different elements of the two shallow solar ponds such as upper glass cover, lower glass cover and pond water and solved analytically. The performance of the two shallow solar ponds has been compared and found that the maximum temperature of the pond water in different depths (0.06 m and 0.15 m) of shallow solar pond is found to be 57 C and 42 C.
Journal Article
Let's go to a pond
\"Ponds are full of life, and exploring the creatures that call it home can be an important learning experience for many young adventurers. Early readers will love seeing what lives inside and around the pond, from fish swimming below to the hungry ducks floating on the calm surface of the water. With simple text, readers discover that whether catching a fish, feeding the ducks, or watching geese land on the water, there is plenty to do on a trip to the pond\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Ponds : a 4D book
\"Simple text describes ponds, the plants and animals in ponds, and how people use ponds. Full-color photographs perfectly match the text on each spread. Download the Capstone 4D app to access a variety of bonus content\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
What's in a pond?
\"Simple nonfiction text and full-color photographs present animals and plants found in a pond\"-- Provided by the publisher.
Book
Performance evaluation of 388 full-scale waste stabilization pond systems with seven different configurations
Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) and their variants are one the most widely used wastewater treatment systems in the world. However, the scarcity of systematic performance data from full-scale plants has led to challenges associated with their design. The objective of this research was to assess the performance of 388 full-scale WSP systems located in Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia and the United States through the statistical analysis of available monitoring data. Descriptive statistics were calculated of the influent and effluent concentrations and the removal efficiencies for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia nitrogen (N-Ammonia), and either thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) or Escherichia coli for each WSP system, leading to a broad characterization of actual treatment performance. Compliance with different water quality and system performance goals was also evaluated. The treatment plants were subdivided into seven different categories, according to their units and flowsheet. The median influent concentrations of BOD5 and TSS were 431 mg/L and 397 mg/L and the effluent concentrations varied from technology to technology, but median values were 50 mg/L and 47 mg/L, respectively. The median removal efficiencies were 85% for BOD5 and 75% for TSS. The overall removals of TTC and E. coli were 1.74 and 1.63 log10 units, respectively. Future research is needed to better understand the influence of design, operational and environmental factors on WSP system performance.
Journal Article