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"Population aging History."
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Aging in world history
\"Contemporary concerns about aging societies have stimulated interest in past ways of growing old, and whilst historians have investigated the experience of the aged, cultural representations of old age, and the phenomenon of demographic ageing, however the literature has been overwhelmingly western. This study reviews the world-wide literature on aging and seeks to move beyond received wisdom about attitudes and experiences running from the ancient world to the present.Aging in World History will introduce students and general readers to historical ways of thinking about aging in two senses: the experience of individuals and the transformation of populations. The first section introduces theoretical concerns, understandings of \"natural\" or \"traditional\" ways of growing old, and diverse cultural prescriptions and representations. The second section covers key issues from the medieval to the early modern era. The third section looks at transitions to modernity, whilst the final part explores the contemporary world, before concluding with an overview of past, present and future\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The effects of China's universal two-child policy
In October, 2015, China's one-child policy was replaced by a universal two-child policy. The effects of the new policy are inevitably speculative, but predictions can be made based on recent trends. The population increase will be relatively small, peaking at 1·45 billion in 2029 (compared with a peak of 1·4 billion in 2023 if the one-child policy continued). The new policy will allow almost all Chinese people to have their preferred number of children. The benefits of the new policy include: a large reduction in abortions of unapproved pregnancies, virtual elimination of the problem of unregistered children, and a more normal sex ratio. All of these effects should improve health outcomes. Effects of the new policy on the shrinking workforce and rapid population ageing will not be evident for two decades. In the meantime, more sound policy actions are needed to meet the social, health, and care needs of the elderly population.
Journal Article
The Age of Dignity
By 2035, 11.5 million Americans will be over the age of
eighty-five, more than double today’s 5 million, living
longer than ever before. To enable all of us to age with dignity
and security in the face of this coming Age Wave, our society
must learn to value the care of our elders. The process of
building a culture that supports care is a key component to
restoring the American dream, and, as Ai-Jen Poo convincingly
argues, will generate millions of new jobs and breath new life
into our national ideals of independence, justice, and dignity.
This groundbreaking new book from the director of the National
Domestic Workers Alliance offers bold solutions, such as
long-term care insurance and cultural change to get all of us to
value care, which is already at the heart of a movement
transforming what it means to grow old in the United States. At
the intersection of our aging population, the fraying safety net,
and opportunities for women and immigrants in the workforce,
The Age of Dignity maps an integrated set of solutions
to address America’s new demographic and economic
realities.
eBook
Who's Afraid of Population Decline? A Critical Examination of Its Consequences
This chapter examines the prospect of population decline in the modern world and its relationship with population aging. It evaluates the likely consequences for economy, society, and environment and considers whether population decline should be considered as a part of a broader system of feedback linking micro and macro demographic processes to the economy and the environment. Adapted from the source document.
Journal Article
The Implications of Increased Survivorship for Mortality Variation in Aging Populations
The remarkable growth in life expectancy during the twentieth century inspired predictions of a future in which all people, not just a fortunate few, will live long lives ending at or near the maximum human life span. We show that increased longevity has been accompanied by less variation in ages at death, but survivors to the oldest ages have grown increasingly heterogeneous in their mortality risks. These trends are consistent across countries, and apply even to populations with record-low variability in the length of life. We argue that as a result of continuing improvements in survival, delayed mortality selection has shifted health disparities from early to later life, where they manifest in the growing inequalities in late-life mortality.
Journal Article
Lizards from warm and declining populations are born with extremely short telomeres
Aging is the price to pay for acquiring and processing energy through cellular activity and life history productivity. Climate warming can exacerbate the inherent pace of aging, as illustrated by a faster erosion of protective telomere DNA sequences. This biomarker integrates individual pace of life and parental effects through the germline, but whether intra- and intergenerational telomere dynamics underlies population trends remains an open question. Here, we investigated the covariation between life history, telomere length (TL), and extinction risk among three age classes in a cold-adapted ectotherm ( Zootoca vivipara ) facing warming-induced extirpations in its distribution limits. TL followed the same threshold relationships with population extinction risk at birth, maturity, and adulthood, suggesting intergenerational accumulation of accelerated aging rate in declining populations. In dwindling populations, most neonates inherited already short telomeres, suggesting they were born physiologically old and unlikely to reach recruitment. At adulthood, TL further explained females’ reproductive performance, switching from an index of individual quality in stable populations to a biomarker of reproductive costs in those close to extirpation. We compiled these results to propose the aging loop hypothesis and conceptualize how climate-driven telomere shortening in ectotherms may accumulate across generations and generate tipping points before local extirpation.
Journal Article
How population change will transform our world
In How Population Will Transform Our World, Sarah Harper looks at fertility rates and age structures of populations in different regions of the world against the backdrop of urbanization and climate change, drawing out the profound implications and challenges for societies, economies, and the environment in the decades to come.
eBook
Knee osteoarthritis has doubled in prevalence since the mid-20th century
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is believed to be highly prevalent today because of recent increases in life expectancy and body mass index (BMI), but this assumption has not been tested using long-term historical or evolutionary data. We analyzed long-term trends in knee OA prevalence in the United States using cadaver-derived skeletons of people aged ≥50 y whose BMI at death was documented and who lived during the early industrial era (1800s to early 1900s; n = 1,581) and the modern postindustrial era (late 1900s to early 2000s; n = 819). Knee OA among individuals estimated to be ≥50 y old was also assessed in archeologically derived skeletons of prehistoric hunter-gatherers and early farmers (6000–300 B.P.; n = 176). OA was diagnosed based on the presence of eburnation (polish from bone-on-bone contact). Overall, knee OA prevalence was found to be 16% among the postindustrial sample but only 6% and 8% among the early industrial and prehistoric samples, respectively. After controlling for age, BMI, and other variables, knee OA prevalence was 2.1-fold higher (95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.1) in the postindustrial sample than in the early industrial sample. Our results indicate that increases in longevity and BMI are insufficient to explain the approximate doubling of knee OA prevalence that has occurred in the United States since the mid-20th century. Knee OA is thus more preventable than is commonly assumed, but prevention will require research on additional independent risk factors that either arose or have become amplified in the postindustrial era.
Journal Article
Population Aging and the Future of the Welfare State: The Example of Sweden
Sweden was the world leader in population aging for a good portion of the twentieth century. During that century, the share of the elderly doubled in Sweden, with 18 percent aged 65 years and older in year 2000. While no longer at the forefront of population aging, the country's share of elderly is still very high and is estimated to increase to 2 6 percent by 2050. The question is whether the next step toward population aging will continue as smoothly as the first step, when the increase in the share of elderly was paralleled by an expansion of the welfare state and increasing living standards for all age groups. Will it be possible to maintain and improve living standards in all age groups, and will the various welfare systems be able to handle future population aging? Already in the 1990s, the pension system underwent a change to make it more robust. Today, the organization and funding of elderly support and health care are major concerns as the share of elderly increases. Can Sweden simply increase taxes or must there be a substantial long-term increase in labor productivity? Will immigration or an increase in fertility be the answer or must the working life be extended? While this chapter examines the challenge of population aging in the years to come, it starts with an overview of how Sweden got to this point to see what we can learn from history. Adapted from the source document.
Journal Article