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Numerous recent empirical studies underscore the adverse impacts of an aging population on economic growth. This could stem from reduced labor force participation and productivity among older workers, or the potential for aging to result in an imbalance between savings and desired investment, consequently leading to a state of secular stagnation. This study employs the fixed effect model (FEM) and utilizes data from 7 ASEAN countries during the period 2001–2021 to assess the impact of population aging on economic growth. The results clearly indicate that an old-aged dependency harms GDP per capita growth, while the productive young workers in the ASEAN region remain a significant resource for overall economic development and GDP per capita growth. Alongside demographic variables, institutions, investment rates, and trade openness also serve as driving factors in promoting GDP per capita growth. The data also demonstrates that more developed countries will experience population aging at a faster rate. Therefore, the socio-economic development policies of ASEAN countries need to consider changes in population age structure in order to propose appropriate economic strategies for development.

Reproductive Health and Human Rights: The Way Forwardcritically reflects on the past fifteen years of international efforts aimed at improving health, alleviating poverty, diminishing gender inequality, and promoting human rights. The volume includes essays by leading scholars and practitioners that are centered on the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and its resulting Programme of Action. ICPD, an agreement among 179 governments, UN agencies, and NGOs, was intended to shape population and development policy-reinterpreted and redefined as \"reproductive health.\" More than a decade after the enthusiasm that accompanied ICPD, there is growing concern about its effectiveness in the context of global health and development.Reproductive Health and Human Rightsaddresses that concern. The book grapples with fundamental questions about the relationships among population, fertility decline, reproductive health, human rights, poverty alleviation, and development and assesses the various arguments-demographic, public health, human rights-based, and economic-for and against ICPD today. A number of the chapters address institutional challenges to ICPD and consider how the changing political, religious, academic, and disciplinary contexts matter. Other chapters engage operational and conceptual issues and whether ICPD has been able to move the reproductive health agenda forward on topics such as maternal mortality, abortion, HIV/AIDS, adolescents, reproductive technologies, and demography. Finally, several chapters examine how ICPD has been sidelined by emerging health and development agendas and what could be done in response. Unlike any book yet published,Reproductive Health and Human Rights: The Way Forwardexamines the state of the arguments for reproductive health and rights from a multidisciplinary perspective that provides policymakers, scholars, and activists with a better understanding of how reproductive health and rights have developed, their place in the global policy agenda, and how they might evolve most effectively in the future.

In the 21st century, employers must prepare for the deployment of Generation Z in the workforce. There is little understanding of Gen Z’s work behavior such as employee engagement and innovative behavior. This research aims to identify determinants that influence Gen Z’s innovative behavior via the mediating effect of employee engagement and the moderating effect of proactive personality. The quantitative method was employed with a sample size of 352 Gen Z employees in Vietnam. The data were analyzed with SPSS and AMOS, and structural equation modeling was conducted to test the hypotheses. The results confirmed that transformational leadership, learning climate, trust, self-efficacy, job insecurity and time pressure affect Gen Z’s work engagement and work engagement mediates the relationship between these determinants and innovative behavior. Proactive personality moderates the relationship between employee engagement and innovative behavior. The findings extend the understanding of the refined job demands-resources theory and enhance the current knowledge of Gen Z’s engagement and innovative behavior.

Demographic factors significantly influence economic growth by shaping labor markets, productivity, and overall economic performance. This study investigates the short- and long-term effects of demographic variables on Somalia's economic growth using the ARDL model and a 38-year time-series dataset (1985-2023). The findings reveal that life expectancy positively impacts economic growth in both the short and long run, highlighting the role of improved health and longevity in enhancing productivity. The dependency ratio has a positive long-term effect on economic growth, suggesting that Somalia's socio-economic structure, characterized by extended family networks and informal economic activities, mitigates the economic burden of dependents. In the short run, however, the dependency ratio has a negative but statistically insignificant effect on GDP per capita. Population growth has a significant negative impact on economic growth in both the short and long run, indicating that rapid population expansion strains resources and hinders development. Additionally, internal conflict adversely affects economic growth, underscoring the consequences of political instability. The study recommends investing in healthcare, promoting education and job creation, enhancing governance, and fostering entrepreneurship to improve labor market participation and drive long-term economic growth. Strengthening political stability is crucial for sustainable development. This study provides new empirical evidence on how demographic dynamics and internal conflict shape economic growth in a fragile state context, focusing on Somalia from 1985 to 2023. By applying the ARDL framework and FMOLS robustness checks, the research identifies life expectancy as a key driver of growth, while rapid population expansion and persistent conflict undermine development. The unexpected positive long-run role of the dependency ratio highlights the importance of informal economic structures and remittance flows in sustaining livelihoods. These findings contribute to the broader literature on development economics by offering context-specific insights into the interplay between demographics, conflict, and growth in conflict-affected states. For policymakers and development partners, the study underscores the urgency of investing in healthcare, education, governance reforms, and conflict resolution to unlock Somalia's demographic potential and foster inclusive, sustainable economic growth.

Financial transfers received by households during the pandemic crisis are perceived as altruistic behavior within the population. The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between financial transfers and multidimensional poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso. The multidimensional poverty index (MPI) was constructed following Alkire and Foster. A linear regression model was used to analyze data collected on 423 households which have been selected in the two main cities impacted by the pandemic. The results show on the one hand that family financial transfers reduce multidimensional poverty deprivation scores. Government financial transfers, on the other hand, have no significant effect on multidimensional poverty deprivation scores. The results suggest that decision makers should step up social transfer policies for poor households during crises such as Covid-19.

This study examines the economic potential of persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Indonesia using data from the 2023 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas). A Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS) analysis of 18,252 entrepreneurs and 6,375 non-entrepreneurs shows that education, digital access, and internet use consistently improve income and productivity. Training without digital integration reduces entrepreneurs' productivity (−0.417), while digital-based training increases entrepreneurs' income (0.246) and productivity (0.382), and also raises non-entrepreneurs' income (0.099). Social participation affects entrepreneurs' income and non-entrepreneurs' productivity; work experience slightly increases income for non-entrepreneurs, and urban location increases income but not productivity. These findings emphasize the importance of inclusive education, digital-integrated training, and tailored technology access to improve PWDs' labor market outcomes, with entrepreneurs benefiting most from digital training, while wage-employed individuals gain more from social and institutional support. This study highlights how digital inclusion, education, and technology-based training influence the income and productivity of persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Indonesia. Entrepreneurs gain the most from digital-integrated training, while wage-employed workers benefit more from social participation and institutional support. These findings guide inclusive labor policies and provide lessons for other developing countries.

This study draws on a new data set of vital rates and real wages to explore short-term and long-term behavior of the preventive and positive checks in a major economy of premodern mainland Europe. Four results stand out. First, the preventive check was fairly stable throughout the period 1730–1870; its magnitude of 0.2 to 0.35 was comparable with that of England, northern and central Italy, and Sweden. Second, the eighteenth century was characterized by Malthusian disequilibrium in that there was no long-term relationship between the crude death rate and the real wage, whereas the crude death rate’s instantaneous response to income changes was a substantial–0.4. Third, the short-term positive check may have weakened over the eighteenth century and largely disappeared in the 1810s. The diversification of food risk resulting from the spread of potato cultivation, market integration, and the development of the nonagricultural sectors are potential explanations of the demise and disappearance of the positive check. Fourth, between the 1810s and the 1860s, vital rates and the real wage were stationary, which is consistent with a post-Malthusian regime in which technological progress depended on population size. The 1810s marked the time when Germany transited from a Malthusian regime in disequilibrium to the post-Malthusian era.

Most of the previous economic theories and empirical studies revealed that the relationship between population and economic growth is controversial and inconclusive in different parts of the world. However, previous studies have attempted to examine the relationship between population and economic growth, but their results have been vague or not even sufficiently realistic to address the issue practically. Thus, cognizant of this fact, this study investigates the dynamic effect of population and economic growth in Ethiopia. This study used a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and estimated using annual data for the period 1991-2022. The study found that, in the short run, high population growth was associated with increases in real gross domestic product. However, in the long run, population expansion hurts economic growth. Furthermore, the analysis shows that there is no causal relationship between population growth and economic growth by using block exogenity test. In conclusion, population growth has a greater short term positive impact on economic growth than it does in the long term. This study suggests that the government should adopt a pro-natal strategy that uses incentives for agricultural output in the short term to encourage individuals to have more families; the government should promote anti-natal policies to sustain economic growth that encourages individuals to have fewer children in the long run. Additionally, instead of solely focusing on population growth, the study suggests that the government prioritize and sustain economic growth by centralizing and improving the real money supply. Economic growth is the one and the main concern of the macroeconomic goal of the nation because it is vital in reducing the poverty level, creating employment opportunities, and narrowing the inequality gap. Hence, population growth is a main concern variable on the issue of determines economic growth. Even though there are many studies conducted in different countries including Ethiopia, population in terms of promoting economic growth; the detail dynamics effects of population and economic growth in terms of addressing the problem and practical issue is still questionable and inconclusive. To address these conflicting ideas the paper fills the gap in the literature by developing a quantitative macroeconomic model that captures the dynamic effects of population and economic growth in Ethiopia. Thus, the researcher tried to do so.

This study examines the relationship between internal migration and labor market outcomes in Ethiopia using the National Labor Force Survey. The findings suggest that migration motives are associated with migration patterns, whereas migration duration varies across migration patterns. Results indicate that internal migrants, particularly those relocating to urban areas, are more likely to experience unemployment than non-migrants. On average, migrants are observed to be 3% more likely to have been unemployed in the past year and 6% more likely in the past week. Higher unemployment likelihoods are observed among urban-to-urban and rural-to-urban migrants, who are 5% and 8% more likely, respectively, to be unemployed. However, lower unemployment likelihoods are observed among migrants with longer durations of stay. Internal migrants also appear to experience shorter unemployment spells than non-migrants, by an average of about 2.2 months. Rural-bound migrants tend to have lower unemployment likelihoods and shorter durations of unemployment. Gender disparities persist: women remain unemployed 4.6 months longer than men, though this gap appears to narrow among migrants. Additionally, internal migrants tend to work, on average, about 2.4 more hours per week than non-migrants, with the longest hours observed among urban-bound migrants. These disparities appear lower among migrants with longer durations of stay. Labor market outcomes are not merely reflections of individual effort but are fundamental to livelihood and survival, particularly in developing countries such as Ethiopia. However, these outcomes often vary significantly across regions within the same country, leading to substantial internal migration driven by the pursuit of better labor market outcomes. Despite migrating with the hope of improved job prospects, internal migrants frequently encounter a mismatch between their expectations and the realities of labor markets in destination areas. This study examines the interplay between internal migration, job search behavior, and labor market outcomes in Ethiopia, providing empirical evidence on how migration shapes and is shaped by economic opportunity. By analyzing these dynamics, the research contributes to the formulation of more effective, evidence-based labor and migration policies tailored to the needs of internal migrants.

Recently, interest in production capabilities as an integral part of economic development has revived. Fertility, an important component of population dynamics, remains a vibrant research topic in the empirical areas of economic development and public health. Examining the connection between productive capabilities and fertility outcomes is important. In this study, we propose the hypothesis that productive capabilities alter fertility choice. We rely on two indices of economic complexity (ECI+ and the original ECI) that try to measure productive capabilities indirectly by examining the mix of products exported by countries. Through a system GMM dynamic panel analysis conducted on a sample of low-and middle-income countries, we show that an improvement in the complexity of productive capabilities leads to a decrease in fertility rates. Our results survive a battery of robustness checks.