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Reptile biodiversity
From tiny, burrowing lizards to rainforest canopy-dwellers and giant crocodiles, reptile populations everywhere are changing. Yet government and conservation groups are often forced to make important decisions about reptile conservation and management based on inadequate or incomplete data. With contributions from nearly seventy specialists, this volume offers a comprehensive guide to the best methods for carrying out standardized quantitative and qualitative surveys of reptiles, while maximizing comparability of data between sites, across habitats and taxa, and over time. The contributors discuss each method, provide detailed protocols for its implementation, and suggest ways to analyze the data, making this volume an essential resource for monitoring and inventorying reptile abundance, population status, and biodiversity. Reptile Biodiversity covers topics including: • terrestrial, marine, and aquatic reptiles • equipment recommendations and limitations • ethics of monitoring and inventory activities • statistical procedures • designing sampling programs • using PDAs in the field
eBook
Methods in human growth research
This volume is a review of up-to-date methods used in human growth research.
Book
Demography at the Edge
Addressing the methodological and topical challenges facing demographers working in remote regions, this book compares and contrasts the research, methods and models, and policy applications from peripheral regions in developed nations.
With the emphasis on human populations as dynamic, adaptive, evolving systems, it explores how populations respond in different ways to changing environmental, cultural and economic conditions and how effectively they manage these change processes. Theoretical understandings and policy issues arising from demographic modelling are tackled including: competition for skilled workers; urbanisation and ruralisation; population ageing; the impacts of climate change; the life outcomes of Indigenous peoples; globalisation and international migration.
Based on a strong theoretical framework around issues of heterogeneity, generational change, temporariness and the relative strength of internal and external ties, Demography at the Edge provides a common set of approaches and issues that benefit both researchers and practitioners.
eBook
Chinese Research Perspectives on Population and Labor, Volume 5
As did previous volumes in this series, this volume reviews recent developments in population- and employment-related issues in China. Special attention is given to the universal two-child policy, and challenges facing women in the workforce and highly-educated single women.
eBook
Purposeful Sampling: Advantages and Pitfalls
This editorial monograph explores the advances and pitfalls of the common forms of purposeful sampling. Purposeful sampling is a common research design in qualitative research.This editorial monograph explores the advances and pitfalls of the common forms of purposeful sampling. Purposeful sampling is a common research design in qualitative research.
Journal Article
The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition
This article presents a narrative of the unfolding of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) since the theory was first formulated in 1986. The first part recapitulates the foundations of the theory, and documents the spread of the SDT to the point that it now covers most European populations. Also for Europe, it focuses on the relationship between the SDT and the growing heterogeneity in period fertility levels. It is shown that the current positive relationship between SDT and TFR levels is not a violation of the SDT theory, but the outcome of a \"split correlation\" with different sub-narratives concerning the onset of fertility postponement and the degree of subsequent recuperation in two parts of Europe. The second part of the article addresses the issue of whether the SDT has spread or is currently spreading in industrialized Asian countries. Evidence gathered for Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan is presented. That evidence pertains to both the macro-level (national trends in postponement of marriage and parenthood, rise of cohabitation) and the micro-level (connections between individual values orientations and postponement of parenthood). Strong similarities are found with SDT patterns in Southern Europe, except for the fact that parenthood is still very rare among Asian cohabiting partners.
Journal Article
Altitude and latitude have different effects on population characteristics of the widespread plant Anthyllis vulneraria
Widespread plants may provide natural models for how population processes change with temperature and other environmental variables and how they may respond to global change. Similar changes in temperature can occur along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients, but hardly any study has compared the effects of the two types of gradients. We studied populations of Anthyllis vulneraria along a latitudinal gradient from Central Europe to the range limit in the North and an altitudinal gradient in the Alps from 500 m to the altitudinal limit at 2500 m, both encompassing a change in annual mean temperature of c. 11.5 °C. Plant size and reproduction decreased, but plant density increased along both gradients, indicating higher recruitment and demographic compensation among vital rates. Our results support the view that demographic compensation may be common in widespread species in contrast to the predictions of the abundant centre model of biogeography. Variation in temperature along the gradients had the strongest effects on most population characteristics, followed by that in precipitation, solar radiation, and soil nutrients. The proportion of plants flowering, seed set and seed mass declined with latitude, while the large variation in these traits along the altitudinal gradient was not related to elevation and covarying environmental variables like annual mean temperature. This suggests that it will be more difficult to draw conclusions about the potential impacts of future climate warming on plant populations in mountains, because of the importance of small-scale variation in environmental conditions.
Journal Article
Weather and food availability additively affect reproductive output in an expanding raptor population
The joint effects of interacting environmental factors on key demographic parameters can exacerbate or mitigate the separate factors’ effects on population dynamics. Given ongoing changes in climate and land use, assessing interactions between weather and food availability on reproductive performance is crucial to understand and forecast population dynamics. By conducting a feeding experiment in 4 years with different weather conditions, we were able to disentangle the effects of weather, food availability and their interactions on reproductive parameters in an expanding population of the red kite (Milvus milvus), a conservation-relevant raptor known to be supported by anthropogenic feeding. Brood loss occurred mainly during the incubation phase, and was associated with rainfall and low food availability. In contrast, brood loss during the nestling phase occurred mostly due to low temperatures. Survival of last-hatched nestlings and nestling development was enhanced by food supplementation and reduced by adverse weather conditions. However, we found no support for interactive effects of weather and food availability, suggesting that these factors affect reproduction of red kites additively. The results not only suggest that food-weather interactions are prevented by parental life-history trade-offs, but that food availability and weather conditions are crucial separate determinants of reproductive output, and thus population productivity. Overall, our results suggest that the observed increase in spring temperatures and enhanced anthropogenic food resources have contributed to the elevational expansion and the growth of the study population during the last decades.
Journal Article
What Is Population Health Intervention Research?
Population-level health interventions are policies or programs that shift the distribution of health risk by addressing the underlying social, economic and environmental conditions. These interventions might be programs or policies designed and developed in the health sector, but they are more likely to be in sectors elsewhere, such as education, housing or employment. Population health intervention research attempts to capture the value and differential effect of these interventions, the processes by which they bring about change and the contexts within which they work best. In health research, unhelpful distinctions maintained in the past between research and evaluation have retarded the development of knowledge and led to patchy evidence about policies and programs. Myths about what can and cannot be achieved within community-level intervention research have similarly held the field back. The pathway forward integrates systematic inquiry approaches from a variety of disciplines. Les interventions populationnelles de santé comprennent l'ensemble des actions qui visent à modifier la distribution des risques à la santé en ciblant les conditions sociales, économiques et environnementales qui façonnent la distribution des risques. Sous forme de programmes et politiques, ces interventions peuvent provenir du secteur de la santé mais sont aussi souvent pilotées par d'autres secteurs comme l'éducation, le logement ou l'emploi. La recherche sur les interventions de santé des populations poursuivent l'objectif de documenter la valeur et les effets de ces interventions, les processus par lesquels les changements opèrent et les conditions qui favorisent les effets. Dans le domaine de la recherche en santé, des distinctions inutiles entre la recherche et l'évaluation ont retardé le développement des connaissances sur l'intervention de santé des populations et mené à une mauvaise intégration des données de recherche pour soutenir la pratique et les décisions concernant les programmes et politiques de santé des populations. Cet article déboulonne donc certains mythes pernicieux concernant la recherche sur les interventions, notamment relativement aux coûts associés, à ses visées et à la croyance en un rôle nécessairement marginal des communautés concernées pour développer des interventions efficaces. Cet article retourne aussi comme arbitraire et injustifiée la distinction traditionnelle entre la recherche sur les interventions et la recherche evaluative. En fait cet article montre que la recherche sur les interventions a tout à gagner d'un rapprochement avec la recherche evaluative et d'une intégration des méthodes de recherche appliquée provenant d'une diversité de disciplines.
Journal Article