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Metabolic responses to food influence risk of cardiometabolic disease, but large-scale high-resolution studies are lacking. We recruited n  = 1,002 twins and unrelated healthy adults in the United Kingdom to the PREDICT 1 study and assessed postprandial metabolic responses in a clinical setting and at home. We observed large inter-individual variability (as measured by the population coefficient of variation (s.d./mean, %)) in postprandial responses of blood triglyceride (103%), glucose (68%) and insulin (59%) following identical meals. Person-specific factors, such as gut microbiome, had a greater influence (7.1% of variance) than did meal macronutrients (3.6%) for postprandial lipemia, but not for postprandial glycemia (6.0% and 15.4%, respectively); genetic variants had a modest impact on predictions (9.5% for glucose, 0.8% for triglyceride, 0.2% for C-peptide). Findings were independently validated in a US cohort ( n  = 100 people). We developed a machine-learning model that predicted both triglyceride ( r  = 0.47) and glycemic ( r  = 0.77) responses to food intake. These findings may be informative for developing personalized diet strategies. The ClinicalTrials.gov registration identifier is NCT03479866 . The PREDICT 1 trial shows large inter-individual variations in postprandial metabolic responses to standardized meals in over 1,000 participants, demonstrating potential for development of personalized nutrition strategies.

The beneficial effects of a Mediterranean diet on human health and, in particular, on lowering risk of cardiovascular disease, has been mainly attributed to its high content to extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). While its main fatty acid, oleic acid, is considered important to these effects, EVOO has other biological properties that depend on, or are potentiated by other minor components of this oil. Initially, the mechanisms considered as possible causes of this cardioprotective effect of EVOO were based on the incidence on the so-called traditional risk factors (especially lipids and blood pressure). However, the high relative reduction in the prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were not proportional to the limited findings about regulation of those traditional risk factors. In addition to several studies confirming the above effects, current research on beneficial effect of EVOO, and in particular in conjunction with Mediterranean style diets, is being focused on defining its effects on newer cardiovascular risk factors, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, platelet aggregation, fibrinolysis, endothelial function or lipids or on the modulation of the conditions which predispose people to cardiovascular events, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the current review, we will mainly focus on reviewing the current evidence about the effects that EVOO exerts on alternative factors, including postprandial lipemia or coagulation, among others, discussing the underlying mechanism by which it exerts its effect, as well as providing a short review on future directions.

Studies have revealed that time-restricted feeding affects the fat oxidation rate; however, its effects on the fat oxidation rate and hyperlipidemia following high-fat meals are unclear. This study investigated the effects of 5-day time-restricted feeding on the fat oxidation rate and postprandial lipemia following high fat meals. In this random crossover experimental study, eight healthy male adults were included each in the 5-day time-restricted feeding trial and the control trial. The meals of the time-restricted feeding trial were provided at 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00. The meals of the control trial were provided at 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00. The contents of the meals of both trials were the same, and the calories of the meals met the 24-h energy requirement of the participants. After 5 days of the intervention, the participants consumed high-fat meals on the sixth day, and their physiological changes were determined. The fasting fat oxidation rate ( p  < 0.001) and postprandial fat oxidation rate ( p  = 0.019) of the time-restricted feeding trial were significantly higher than those of the control trial. The 24-h energy consumption and postprandial triglyceride, blood glucose, insulin, glycerol, and free fatty acid concentrations of the two trials showed no significant differences ( p  > 0.05). The results revealed that 5 days of time-restricted feeding effectively increased the fasting and postprandial fat oxidation rate, but it did not affect postprandial lipemia.

Chrysanthemum extract possesses antioxidant potential and carbohydrate and fat digestive enzyme inhibitory in vitro. However, no evidence supporting chrysanthemum in modulation of postprandial lipemia and antioxidant status in humans presently exists. This study was to analyze the composition of Imperial Chrysanthemum (IC) extract and determine the effect on changes in postprandial glycemic and lipemic response and antioxidant status in adults after consumption of a high-fat (HF) meal. UHPLC-MS method was used to analyze the components of two kinds of IC extracts (IC-P/IC-E) and in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and Hydroxyl radical (HR) radical scavenging assays. Following a randomized design, 37 healthy adults (age, 25.2 ± 2.6 years, and BMI, 20.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2) were assigned to two groups that consumed the HF meal, or HF meal supplemented by IC extract. Blood samples were collected at fasting state and then at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after the meal consumption. There were 12 compounds with relative content of more than 1% of the extracts, of which amino acid and derivatives, flavonoids, carboxylic acids and derivatives were the main components. Compared with IC-E, the contents of flavonoids in IC-P increased significantly (p < 0.05), and the cynaroside content exceeded 30%. In addition, IC-P showed strong free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS and HR radicals. Furthermore, according to repeated–measures ANOVA, significant differences were observed in the maximal changes for postprandial glucose, TG, T-AOC and MDA among the two groups. Postprandial glucose has significant difference between the two groups at 1 h after meal and the level in IC group was significantly lower than that in control group. No significant differences were observed in the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) among the two groups. IC significantly improved the serum antioxidant status, as characterized by increased postprandial serum T-AOC, SOD, GSH and decreased MDA. This finding suggests that IC can be used as a natural ingredient for reducing postprandial lipemia and improving the antioxidant status after consuming a HF meal.

Purpose Palmitic and stearic acids have different effects on fasting serum lipoproteins. However, the effects on postprandial lipemia and glycemia are less clear. Also, the effects of a second meal may differ from those of the first meal. Therefore, we studied the effects of two consecutive mixed meals high in palmitic acid- or stearic acid-rich fat blends on postprandial lipemia and glycemia. Methods In a randomized, crossover study, 32 participants followed 4-week diets rich in palmitic or stearic acids, At the end of each dietary period, participants consumed two consecutive meals each containing ± 50 g of the corresponding fat blend. Results Postprandial concentrations of triacylglycerol (diet-effect: − 0.18 mmol/L; p  = 0.001) and apolipoprotein B48 (diet-effect: − 0.68 mg/L; p  = 0.002) were lower after stearic-acid than after palmitic-acid intake. Consequently, total (iAUC 0–8 h ) and first meal (iAUC 0–4 h ) responses were lower after stearic-acid intake ( p  ≤ 0.01). Second meal responses (iAUC 4–8 h ) were not different. Postprandial changes between the diets in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and C-peptide differed significantly over time ( p  < 0.001 and p  = 0.020 for diet*time effects, respectively), while those for glucose and insulin did not. The dAUC 0–8 h , dAUC 0–4 h , and dAUC 4–8 h for NEFA were larger after stearic-acid intake ( p  ≤ 0.05). No differences were observed in the iAUCs of C-peptide, glucose, and insulin. However, second meal responses for glucose and insulin (iAUC 4–8 h) tended to be lower after stearic-acid intake ( p  < 0.10). Conclusion Consumption of the stearic acid-rich meals lowered postprandial lipemia as compared with palmitic acid. After the second stearic acid-rich meal, concentrations of C-peptide peaked earlier and those of NEFA decreased more. Clinical trial registry This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02835651 on July 18, 2016.

Background Tissue-specific insulin resistance (IR) predominantly in muscle (muscle IR) or liver (liver IR) has previously been linked to distinct fasting metabolite profiles, but postprandial metabolite profiles have not been investigated in tissue-specific IR yet. Given the importance of postprandial metabolic impairments in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases, we compared postprandial plasma metabolite profiles in response to a high-fat mixed meal between individuals with predominant muscle IR or liver IR. Methods This cross-sectional study included data from 214 women and men with BMI 25–40 kg/m 2 , aged 40–75 years, and with predominant muscle IR or liver IR. Tissue-specific IR was assessed using the muscle insulin sensitivity index (MISI) and hepatic insulin resistance index (HIRI), which were calculated from the glucose and insulin responses during a 7-point oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma samples were collected before (T = 0) and after (T = 30, 60, 120, 240 min) consumption of a high-fat mixed meal and 247 metabolite measures, including lipoproteins, cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), ketone bodies, and amino acids, were quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Differences in postprandial plasma metabolite iAUCs between muscle and liver IR were tested using ANCOVA with adjustment for age, sex, center, BMI, and waist-to-hip ratio. P -values were adjusted for a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.05 using the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Results Sixty-eight postprandial metabolite iAUCs were significantly different between liver and muscle IR. Liver IR was characterized by greater plasma iAUCs of large VLDL ( p  = 0.004), very large VLDL ( p  = 0.002), and medium-sized LDL particles ( p  = 0.026), and by greater iAUCs of TAG in small VLDL ( p  = 0.025), large VLDL ( p  = 0.003), very large VLDL ( p  = 0.002), all LDL subclasses (all p  < 0.05), and small HDL particles ( p  = 0.011), compared to muscle IR. In liver IR, the postprandial plasma fatty acid (FA) profile consisted of a higher percentage of saturated FA ( p  = 0.013), and a lower percentage of polyunsaturated FA ( p  = 0.008), compared to muscle IR. Conclusion People with muscle IR or liver IR have distinct postprandial plasma metabolite profiles, with more unfavorable postprandial metabolite responses in those with liver IR compared to muscle IR.

PurposeResistant starch (RS) content has exhibited beneficial effects on glycemic control; however, few studies have investigated the effects of this substance on postprandial responses and appetite in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we aimed to examine the effects of RS from two sources on glycemic response (GR), postprandial lipemia, and appetite in subjects with T2D.MethodsIn a randomized and crossover study, 17 subjects with T2D consumed native banana starch (NBS), high-amylose maize starch (HMS) or digestible maize starch (DMS) for 4 days. On day 5, a 6-h oral meal tolerance test (MTT) was performed to evaluate glycemic and insulinemic responses as well as postprandial lipemia. Besides, subjective appetite assessment was measured using a visual analogue scale.ResultsNBS induced a reduction on fasting glycemia, glycemia peak and insulinemic response during MTT. However, no modifications on postprandial lipemia were observed after RS treatments. Both NBS and HMS reduced hunger and increased satiety.ConclusionNBS supplementation induced more beneficial effects on glycemic metabolism than HMS even when all interventions were matched for digestible starch content. RS intake did not modify postprandial lipemia, however, positively affected subjective appetite rates.Trial registration: This trial was retrospectively registered at www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12621001382864) on October 11, 2021.

A great number of chemically diverse pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors have been identified to tackle obesity; however, very few of them have entered clinical studies. The ethanolic extract of sesame meal is a potent PL inhibitor, and its activity hinges exclusively on two free fatty acids: linoleic acid and oleic acid, which were proven to reduce postprandial triglyceride excursion in rats. Herein, to investigate the clinical efficacy of the sesame meal extract, in a crossover trial, 30 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive the sesame meal extract containing experimental food or placebo along with a high-fat meal. Treatment with the sesame meal extract significantly lowered the incremental postprandial serum triglyceride concentration and reduced the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) by 16.8% (p-value = 0.03) compared to placebo. Significant decreases in postprandial remnant-like lipoprotein particle cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein particles were also observed, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased. These results suggest that treatment with the sesame meal extract significantly reduced the postprandial excursion of triglycerides and improved the lipidemic profile after high dietary fat intake in healthy individuals, indicating the substantial potential of free linoleic acid and oleic acid and natural products rich in these compounds for the management of obesity and related conditions.

\"Quantile-dependent expressivity\" describes an effect of the genotype that depends upon the level of the phenotype (e.g., whether a subject's triglycerides are high or low relative to its population distribution). Prior analyses suggest that the effect of a genetic risk score (GRS) on fasting plasma triglyceride levels increases with the percentile of the triglyceride distribution. Postprandial lipemia is well suited for testing quantile-dependent expressivity because it exposes each individual's genotype to substantial increases in their plasma triglyceride concentrations. Ninety-seven published papers were identified that plotted mean triglyceride response vs. time and genotype, which were converted into quantitative data. Separately, for each published graph, standard least-squares regression analysis was used to compare the genotype differences at time t (dependent variable) to average triglyceride concentrations at time t (independent variable) to assess whether the genetic effect size increased in association with higher triglyceride concentrations and whether the phenomenon could explain purported genetic interactions with sex, diet, disease, BMI, and drugs. Consistent with the phenomenon, genetic effect sizes increased (P≤0.05) with increasing triglyceride concentrations for polymorphisms associated with ABCA1, ANGPTL4, APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOA5, APOB, APOC3, APOE, CETP, FABP2, FATP6, GALNT2, GCKR, HL, IL1b, LEPR, LOX-1, LPL, MC4R, MTTP, NPY, SORT1, SULF2, TNFA, TCF7L2, and TM6SF2. The effect size for these polymorphisms showed a progressively increasing dose-response, with intermediate effect sizes at intermediate triglyceride concentrations. Quantile-dependent expressivity provided an alternative interpretation to their interactions with sex, drugs, disease, diet, and age, which have been traditionally ascribed to gene-environment interactions and genetic predictors of drug efficacy (i.e., personalized medicine). Quantile-dependent expressivity applies to the majority of genetic variants affecting postprandial triglycerides, which may arise because the impaired functionalities of these variants increase at higher triglyceride concentrations. Purported gene-drug interactions may be the manifestations of quantile-dependent expressivity, rather than genetic predictors of drug efficacy.

Abstract Context Prolonged sitting elevates postprandial metabolic markers, resulting in increased risks of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Interrupting prolonged sitting may reduce these risks. However, more information is needed to understand the patterns of interrupting prolonged sitting to obtain metabolic health benefits. Objective This study examined the effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with different intensities and durations of walking with an equivalent energy expenditure on postprandial metabolic responses in young Chinese men with central obesity. Design A randomized crossover experimental trial was conducted. Setting Participants underwent three 6-hour experiments with a 7-day washout period between each experiment: prolonged sitting, 3 min of light-intensity walking every 30 minutes, and 1.5 minutes of moderate-intensity walking every 30 minutes. Participants and Samples Baseline (fasting) and 6-hour postprandial metabolic glucose and lipid levels were analyzed among 18 young Chinese men with central obesity. Main Outcome Measures Generalized estimating equations (adjusted for the potential confounders explaining residual outcome variance (body mass index) and age), trial order, preprandial values, and lead-in activity) were used, and the incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) of each outcome were compared between prolonged sitting and interrupted prolonged sitting conditions. Results Compared with prolonged sitting, both interrupting prolonged sitting conditions reduced the iAUCs for glucose (P < .05) but not insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, or nonesterified fatty acids. Conclusions Both conditions of interrupted prolonged sitting reduced postprandial glucose concentrations in young Chinese men with central obesity when the energy expenditure was equivalent.