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إعادة الإعمار في مواجهة الحروب الإسرائيلية على لبنان
يتناول هذا المقال مسألة إعادة الإعمار في لبنان في سياق الحروب الإسرائيلية، مع التركيز على تجربة ما بعد حرب تموز/يوليو 2006 واستحضارها في ضوء العدوان الإسرائيلي سنة 2024، منطلقاً من رؤية تعتبر أن إعادة الإعمار ليست مجرد عملية مادية لإعادة بناء المباني، بل فعلٌ لإعادة صوغ الزمن والهوية والمعنى في مواجهة التدمير الاستعماري الذي يستهدف الوجود المكاني والاجتماعي. يعرض الكاتب مظاهر العدوانية الصهيونية وما خلّفته من تدمير شامل للحواضر الجنوبية والضاحية الجنوبية لبيروت وتهجير قسري للسكان، مستهدفاً النسيج العمراني والتراثي والبيئي بوصفه حاملاً للذاكرة والهوية. ويناقش التحديات التي رافقت إعادة الإعمار بعد 2006، ولا سيما غياب خطة رسمية شاملة، وسياسات الجرف التي طاولت الأحياء القديمة، مقابل تجربة بنت جبيل التي سعت إلى الحفاظ على نسيجها التاريخي باعتباره حاضناً للمقاومة وللعلاقات الاجتماعية. ويحلل تطور المدينة عمرانياً واجتماعياً في ظل الإهمال المزمن والاحتلال والاغتراب، ويعرض الأسس المقترحة لإعادة بناء المدينة القديمة بما يحفظ تكاملها الاجتماعي والاقتصادي والعمراني. كما يبيّن العوامل الداعية إلى تأهيل المدن القديمة، ومنها العامل الأمني المقاوم، والتراثي، والهوياتي، والاقتصادي، وعامل التواصل الحضري. ويخلص إلى ضرورة توثيق التراث العمراني وصوغ رؤى نقدية معاصرة تدمج بين الأصالة والتجديد، بما يعزز الصمود في وجه الحرب الاستعمارية ويحفظ الذاكرة والهوية الجماعية. كُتب هذا المستخلص من قبل دار المنظومة 2026، باستخدام AI
Journal Article
Migration intentions and their impact on healthcare workers in a Lebanese public university hospital amid crises: A mixed-method study
The emigration of skilled healthcare workers (HCWs) seeking better opportunities poses major challenges to healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries. Amidst ongoing economic and political crises, Lebanon is facing substantial healthcare workforce migration. This study explored the migration intentions of Lebanese HCWs, identifies key drivers, and proposes context-specific retention strategies.
A mixed-methods design was employed at Rafik Hariri University Hospital (RHUH) in Beirut, Lebanon. A structured survey assessed migration intentions and associated drivers among frontline healthcare workers, while semi-structured interviews with department chiefs explored organizational and systemic factors influencing workforce retention. Quantitative data were analyzed to identify predictors of migration intentions, and qualitative data were thematically analyzed using a combined deductive-inductive approach.
Among 120 HCWs surveyed, 70% expressing intentions to migrate-primarily due to financial concerns (93%) and security issues (81%). Lower satisfaction with pay (adjusted OR= 0.85, 95% CI = 0.72-0.996) was significantly associated with migration intentions. Qualitative findings confirmed widespread staff migration since 2019, leading to critical shortages, heavier workloads, and department closures. Department chiefs emphasized the need for financial incentives, professional development opportunities, supportive management, and flexible scheduling to improve retention.
HCW migration from Lebanon reflects a complex interplay of financial, professional, and systemic factors. Immediate and sustainable policy interventions-combining financial stabilization with workforce development and improved working conditions-are urgently required to preserve healthcare system functionality and resilience.
Journal Article
Illiberal peacebuilding in Angola
Angola's oil-fuelled reconstruction since the end of the civil war in 2002 is a world away from the mainstream liberal peacebuilding approach that Western donors have promoted and run since the end of cold war. The Angolan case is a pivotal example of what can be termed ‘illiberal peacebuilding’, a process of post-war reconstruction managed by local elites in defiance of liberal peace precepts on civil liberties, the rule of law, the expansion of economic freedoms and poverty alleviation, with a view to constructing a hegemonic order and an elite stranglehold over the political economy. Making sense of the Angolan case is a starting point for a broader comparative look at other cases of illiberal peacebuilding such as Rwanda, Lebanon and Sri Lanka.
Journal Article
Challenges of post-war policy reforms in Lebanon's water sector – lessons learned
Lebanon has not been able to properly develop and benefit from its water sources. A confessional system of governance has hindered development of the sector. Laws and regulations have been developed erratically with many superseding others without the superseded laws being erased from the registry. This created a chaotic regulatory and legal environment with overlapping jurisdictions and no clear accountability mechanisms. The period before the onset of the civil war in 1975 witnessed significant progress of both infrastructure and laws and regulations related to the management of the water sector. The civil war destroyed the water sector infrastructure and emptied all regulatory control of the resources. The period of reconstruction between 1990 and 1999 witnessed the promulgation of ambitious reconstruction plans for the water sector with funding reliant on borrowing from local and external debtors. Post 1999, government reforms started creeping into the system but were often donor driven and still suffered from the same mistakes of laws overlain on top of existing laws without erasing the older material. Critically, the management of the sector is not inclusive and the beneficiaries of water services are often not heard and ignored.
Journal Article
People or Profit? Two Post-Conflict Reconstructions in Beirut
Whether following disasters or extended periods of civil conflict and war, the development industry views reconstruction as a window of opportunity within which to affect otherwise deeply unpopular reforms in the name of market-driven reconstruction and improvement. Critics, who emphasize the pain that neoliberal reconstruction entails, even as it often fails, term such projects \"disaster capitalism.\" This article examines the institutional priorities and urban vision of two post-conflict reconstruction projects in Beirut, Lebanon. The first, undertaken by a private real estate holding company in the 1990s, was part of a radical experiment in market-driven reconstruction but closely approximates disaster capitalism. The second, undertaken by a nonprofit NGO, presented itself as an alternative approach that prioritized people over profit and sought to return residents to their pre-war communities. The contrast and connections between the two offer useful lessons for future instances of post-trauma reconstruction.
Journal Article
The Co-Production of a Shared Community Space in Al-Khodor, Karantina, in the Aftermath of the Beirut Port Blast
This paper explores urban recovery as a participatory bottom-up process that highlights the importance and social significance of spaces of shared memories in reconstituting the built as well as the sociocultural fabrics of a place. It examines the multiple modes of engaging local communities in the process of recovering and rehabilitating shared public spaces, including organizing workshops to identify a space of common social significance, co-designing and co-producing a spatial intervention, and maintaining the intervention over the long term. The paper focuses on Karantina, a neighborhood in Beirut that became the site of post-disaster recovery in the aftermath of the Beirut Port blast in August 2020, and the spatial intervention that the urban recovery team at the Beirut Urban Lab implemented in the sub-neighborhood of Al-Khodor. In doing so, the paper contributes experiences from recent work on participatory modes of engaging the local community groups in Al-Khodor. It highlights the importance of community participation in researching, designing, implementing, and maintaining spatial interventions in the near absence of an active government in a country such as Lebanon.
Journal Article
Postwar Winners and Losers in the Long Run: Determinants of War Related Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth
The study focuses on the long-term impact of war on adolescents (
N
= 821) and adults (
N
= 870) living in a war afflicted Israeli community a year after the war. Results indicate the following: (a) stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth (PTG) correlate negatively with each other. (b) Age was positively associated with stress symptoms and negatively with PTG. (c) Economic condition predicted stress symptoms as well as PTG of adults better than exposure to traumatic events, whereas for school students the best predictor of stress symptoms was exposure to traumatic events while the best predictor of PTG was age of participants.
Journal Article
A Post-War Paradox of Informality in South Lebanon: Rebuilding Houses or Destroying Legitimacy
Recent multiethnic Lebanese history has been characterised by a high degree of tension between sectarian groups and the state. In a number of cases, minority groups' resistance to localised majority groups developed into a manifest attempt to limit the action of the central authority by embracing alternative loyalties, both transnational and interreligious. Makdisi (2000) argues that in a multiconfessional Lebanon the old-fashioned idea of longstanding violence between competing sects is unsustainable. However, political microanalysis based on empirical material collected in South Lebanon during and after the 2006 war shows that in situations where state and ethno-religious groups fail to establish a dialogue, tension leads citizens to view the state as alien and other groups as enemies.With reference to Christian minority group responses, this paper looks at the ways Hizbullah post-conflict strategies of reconstruction have been legitimated. Considering the Weberian notion of the state's sole power and Prato's (2000) analysis of citizen loyalties to the state as a welfare provider, and reassessing this notion with empirical data collected in conflictual loci, this paper examines the rise of a religion-driven movement in a scenario marked by dramatic economic transformation. The analysis suggests that group denial of the state's role is most evident at a local level, where sectarian attitudes (e.g. concerning land or property issues) take precedence over nationally based loyalties and where this denial is the only perceptible means of survival for both the individual and his or her group.
Journal Article
Military Integration after Civil Wars
This book examines the role of multiethnic armies in post-conflict reconstruction, and demonstrates how they can promote peacebuilding efforts.
The author challenges the assumption that multiethnic composition leads to weakness of the military, and shows how a multiethnic army is frequently the impetus for peacemaking in multiethnic societies. Three case studies (Nigeria, Lebanon and Bosnia-Herzegovina) determine that rather than external factors, it is the internal structures that make or break the military institution in a socially challenging environment. The book finds that where the political will is present, the multiethnic military can become a symbol of reconciliation and coexistence. Furthermore, it shows that the military as a professional identity can supersede ethnic considerations and thus facilitates cooperation within the armed forces despite a hostile post-conflict setting. In this, the book challenges widespread theories about ethnic identities and puts professional identities on an equal footing with them.
The book will be of great interest to students of military studies, ethnic conflict, conflict studies and peacebuilding, and IR in general
Florence Gaub is a Researcher and Lecturer at the NATO Defence College in Rome. She holds a PhD in International Politics from Humboldt University, Berlin.
Introduction 1. The Armed Forces as a Social Agent 2. Case Study Nigerian Army: From Colonial to Political 3. Case Study Lebanese Armed Forces: From Powerlessness to Integration? 4. Case Study Armies of Bosnia-Herzegovina: A State in Transit 5. Military Integration after Civil War: An Assessment. Conclusion
Florence Gaub is a Researcher and Lecturer at the NATO Defence College in Rome. She holds a PhD in International Politics from Humboldt University, Berlin.
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