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In modern medicine, the use of optical techniques for diagnosis and treatment is highly attractive due to their precision, speed, and non-invasive nature. This work presents the development of a cost-effective system for implementing the spatially-resolved diffuse reflectance method to estimate the optical properties of biological tissues. The system utilizes an optical probe with a fixed emitting optical fiber and a moving receiving fiber, with distances ranging from 0 to 15 mm. A 633 nm laser beam is perpendicularly irradiated onto the sample, and the backscattered light is collected and converted into a voltage signal by a photodetection circuit. Additionally, a precise control circuit was implemented to ensure stable laser operation, featuring two current-adjustment stages using digital potentiometers via an SPI interface. This control improves current stability, ensuring reliable measurements. The use of digital potentiometers added flexibility and precision, overcoming challenges found in traditional systems. The whole system was designed and is presented in this paper, and parts of the design have already been implemented. As future perspectives, the optical probe design will be implemented, as well as enhancements to the laser driver circuit with the digital potentiometer circuit solution described in this article.

Molecular potentiometers that can indicate displacement-conductance relationship, and predict and control molecular conductance are of significant importance but rarely developed. Herein, single-molecule potentiometers are designed based on ortho -pentaphenylene. The ortho- pentaphenylene derivatives with anchoring groups adopt multiple folded conformers and undergo conformational interconversion in solutions. Solvent-sensitive multiple conductance originating from different conformers is recorded by scanning tunneling microscopy break junction technique. These pseudo-elastic folded molecules can be stretched and compressed by mechanical force along with a variable conductance by up to two orders of magnitude, providing an impressively higher switching factor (114) than the reported values (ca. 1~25). The multichannel conductance governed by through-space and through-bond conducting pathways is rationalized as the charge transport mechanism for the folded ortho -pentaphenylene derivatives. These findings shed light on exploring robust single-molecule potentiometers based on helical structures, and are conducive to fundamental understanding of charge transport in higher-order helical molecules. Molecular potentiometers that can indicate displacement-conductance relationship, and predict and control molecular conductance are of significant importance but rarely developed. Here, the authors design a robust single-molecule potentiometers based on helical structures and give insight in fundamental understanding of charge transport in higher-order helical molecules.

Since 1987, electrical laboratory of SNSU was built a traceability capability of DC voltage unit from PJVS up to two Multifunction Calibrator instruments. Therefore, the dissemination accuracy was performed gradually from PJVS to two multifunctions calibrator through a standard cell instrument. The two units of multifunction calibrators instruments are used as working standards instrument and should be maintained its traceability. One of the multifunction calibrator (MCS) instrument that is traceable to the standard cell instrument will be disseminated it accuracy to the other multifunction calibrator (MCU) instrument was done in these research. A potentiometer principle was basically used as a subtractor system that subtract the MCS value from the MCU value. Uncertainty analysis is carried out in this paper to validate the characteristics of the method against the NULL method based on the error number (En) reaching -0.1

A polarimeter is a common but critical instrument for measuring the optical rotation of chiral compounds, ranging from the pharmaceutical to chemical industry, or even employed in monitoring chemical reactions for research purposes. Developing a portable polarimeter helps to transfer the measurements from the laboratory to on-site detection. Herein, we design a new portable polarimeter with a “hand-held” scale. Technically, we innovatively adopted a rotary potentiometer coupled with a high-precision voltmeter to signify the angle changes after polarized light travels through the chiral compound solution. Compared with the commercial disc polarimeter that uses a dial to measure the optical rotation, such a design shows superiority in being easy to read. This “hand-held” polarimeter meets the high demand for on-site detection on the premise of low cost. Bland-Altman analysis results showed consistency between our device’s optical rotation detection method and the commercial disc polarimeter. The “hand-held” polarimeter can measure the optical rotation of a chiral drug and be applicable to monitor the progress of a chemical reaction. As such, this “hand-held” polarimeter shows great potential to assist scientists in scientific research, or for on-site measurement with high portability. Graphical Abstract

A design of flap/slat control lever signal calculation based on a potentiometer for civil aircraft is proposed. The design applies to the dual redundancy FSECU (Flaps Slat Electronic Control Unit) architecture. A range monitoring algorithm is first proposed to confirm the validity of the FSCL (Flap/Slat Control Lever). The value of a single potentiometer is used for one-channel FSCL detent calculation. To solve the difference in FSCL signals among channels, an algorithm for FSCL signal monitoring and voting is proposed. The core of this algorithm is presented by logical description and the flow diagram. The design is verified by modeling and simulation in the Simulink environment. The results are in line with expectations, which can provide a reference for the design of the FSCL signal algorithm.

The design of textile touch sensing interaction was explored with the new metal composite embroidery yarns (MCEYs) and a simple and easy fabrication technique aimed towards robust and reliable pressure sensitive position sensors for wearable tangible interfaces. In this paper, the resistive sensing method of a potentiometer as an accurate positional indicator was chosen to make simple prototypes of MCEY embroidered touch sensors. A simple structure of embroidered potentiometer to create textile switches as an input device in a smart textile system was tested. Both one- and two-point sensing method were successfully demonstrated. A complete success rate on switching was observed. These simple but ingenious embroidered touch sensors showed the possibility of a soft, lightweight, flexible, freely foldable touchpad as a ubiquitous solution. It was also shown that these minimal fabrication technologies may be highly valued in the smart textile field thanks to their simplified interconnections, customizability and tailorability on double curvature surfaces.

A significant bottleneck exists for mass-production of ion-selective electrodes despite recent developments in manufacturing technologies. Here, we present a fully-automated system for large-scale production of ISEs. Three materials, including polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide, were used as substrates for fabricating ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) using stencil printing, screen-printing and laser engraving, respectively. We compared sensitivities of the ISEs to determine the best material for the fabrication process of the ISEs. The electrode surfaces were modified with various carbon nanomaterials including multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon black, and their mixed suspensions as the intermediate layer to enhance sensitivities of the electrodes. An automated 3D-printed robot was used for the drop-cast procedure during ISE fabrication to eliminate manual steps. The sensor array was optimized, and the detection limits were 10 –5  M, 10 –5  M and 10 –4  M for detection of K + , Na + and Ca 2+ ions, respectively. The sensor array integrated with a portable wireless potentiometer was used to detect K + , Na + and Ca 2+ in real urine and simulated sweat samples and results obtained were in agreement with ICP-OES with good recoveries. The developed sensing platform offers low-cost detection of electrolytes for point-of-care applications. Graphical abstract

Developing simple, durable, and efficient photocatalysts is crucial for achieving environmentally friendly treatment of organic pollutants in water. In this study, nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) with a size of approximately 5 nm was synthesized using the sol-gel method, and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with a size of around 3–5 nm were prepared via a vacuum heating process. The preparation conditions could be controlled to render the TiO 2 surface positively charged and the CQDs surface negatively charged. The combination of TiO 2 with CQDs can form a heterojunction, thereby improving light absorption and the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. This enables effective light harvesting and carrier transfer, enhancing the photocatalytic performance. The ζ-potentiometer and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements confirmed the successful fabrication of high-performance TiO 2 /CQDs composites through electrostatic attraction, forming an interfacial high-speed channel for the transfer of photogenerated carriers. The results demonstrated that the degradation kinetics rate of TiO 2 /CQDs composites reached 0.1345 min − 1 and degraded 98% of tetracycline hydrochloride within 30 min, which is 6.0 and 4.9 times higher than individual TiO 2 and CQDs, respectively. Based on analytical data and experimental results, the photocatalytic mechanism was elucidated, and intermediates along with reactive species were identified to propose possible degradation pathways. Additionally, antimicrobial testing confirmed the nontoxicity of the constructed catalysts and the complete degradation of the pollutants. Graphical abstract

Optimisation of medical devices is crucial for the safety and efficiency of healthcare treatments. This study applies the Taguchi method for the parametric optimisation of a lung ventilator, focusing on the identification and analysis of critical variables affecting its performance. The research aims to improve the stability and efficiency of the device while minimising operational variability. The study employs an orthogonal Taguchi matrix to systematically analyse the effects of control variables such as air pressure, sensor signal and ventilation speed. The research has two phases, the first analysing the relationship between potentiometer, duty cycle and fan cycle, the second optimising the fan speed in relation to the airflow sensor readings. The results indicate that a duty cycle between 40% and 60% ensures adequate airflow, while a PA range set between 10 and 20 provides the best performance in terms of stability. Taguchi improves reliability and efficiency in real medical applications by reducing device variability. This study confirms the importance of statistical optimisation techniques in biomedical engineering, highlighting how methodical experimentation can contribute to the development of more robust and reliable medical devices.

Recently, many of conventional infusion control tools which has functions to control the drops of infusion fluid and to monitor the volume of infusion fluid. Because it work manually, it has low level of accuracy and low efficiency. So that, in this research has designed a device that could monitor and control the drops of infusion fluid for multipoint (multi intravenous) through online application. On hardware part, photodiode and LED was used to detect the drops of infusion fluid, a sliding potentiometer and simple modified spring was used to detect the volume of infusion fluid. In this research was also implemented a mechanical which use motor servo to set the speed of drops of infusion fluid. WEMOS and MCU node has been designed as main control to controlling the whole of system. The device was equipped with ESP8266 as interface to internet network. An administrator can monitoring and controlling the system through offline or real time through a website application that has been built. based on the testing result, as functionality the system was working well. The device could detect the drops of infusion fluid with 100 % of accuracy and could control the volume of infusion fluid with 99 % of accuracy. Total of maximum drops per minute that could detected by system was 135 DPMs with average of transferring delay was 1.95 second.