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Widespread dissemination of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter resistant to medically important antimicrobials in the poultry production continuum in Canada
The Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) monitors Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter and their resistance to antimicrobials in broiler chickens at the farm and slaughter plant levels. In response to many years of CIPARS’ observations and farmers’ data, the Chicken Farmers of Canada implemented a strategy to reduce antimicrobial use in 2014. As resistance genes can be transmitted vertically from parents to their offspring, a study was conducted in broiler breeder flocks to assess the frequency of target bacteria, their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and to obtain a comprehensive picture of AMR in poultry production. Spent breeder flocks slaughtered between 2018 and 2021 were sampled and data from broiler flocks at the farm and slaughter plants were assessed. Salmonella was most frequently detected in farm broiler chickens (46%), while Campylobacter was most frequently detected in broiler breeders (73%). In Campylobacter , high levels (20–24%) of ciprofloxacin resistance were found across the three production stages, and was highest in farm broiler chickens (24%). In E. coli, an indicator organism, low-level ceftriaxone resistance and occasional isolates that were non-susceptible to ciprofloxacin were noted. Using the indicator, fully susceptible E. coli , broiler breeders had the highest frequency (54%) compared to farm (36%) and slaughtered (35%) broiler chickens . In Salmonella broiler breeders had the highest resistance to most antimicrobials tested.Fully susceptible Salmonella was lowest in broiler breeders (16%) compared to farm (42%) and slaughtered (42%) broiler chickens. Salmonella serovars differed between the production stages, but S. Kentucky was the most predominant. Resistance to critically important antimicrobials in human medicine and regional variations in resistance profiles were observed. This study suggests that broiler breeders carry foodborne bacteria resistant to antimicrobials used in human medicine, demonstrating their role in the maintenance of AMR in poultry and the need to adopt a harmonized sector-wide AMU strategy.
Journal Article
Global spread of Salmonella Enteritidis via centralized sourcing and international trade of poultry breeding stocks
A pandemic of
Salmonella enterica
serotype Enteritidis emerged in the 1980s due to contaminated poultry products. How
Salmonella
Enteritidis rapidly swept through continents remains a historical puzzle as the pathogen continues to cause outbreaks and poultry supply becomes globalized. We hypothesize that international trade of infected breeding stocks causes global spread of the pathogen. By integrating over 30,000
Salmonella
Enteritidis genomes from 98 countries during 1949–2020 and international trade of live poultry from the 1980s to the late 2010s, we present multifaceted evidence that converges on a high likelihood, global scale, and extended protraction of
Salmonella
Enteritidis dissemination via centralized sourcing and international trade of breeding stocks. We discovered recent, genetically near-identical isolates from domestically raised poultry in North and South America. We obtained phylodynamic characteristics of global
Salmonella
Enteritidis populations that lend spatiotemporal support for its dispersal from centralized origins during the pandemic. We identified concordant patterns of international trade of breeding stocks and quantitatively established a driving role of the trade in the geographic dispersal of
Salmonella
Enteritidis, suggesting that the centralized origins were infected breeding stocks. Here we demonstrate the value of integrative and hypothesis-driven data mining in unravelling otherwise difficult-to-probe pathogen dissemination from hidden origins.
Salmonella enterica
serotype Enteritidis is a pathogen of poultry that can cause outbreaks in humans. Here the authors use genomic and trade data to investigate a pandemic in the 1980s, finding evidence that international trade of breeding stocks led to global spread of the pathogen.
Journal Article
Raise happy chickens : how to raise healthy chickens and other poultry in your outdoor space
A quickly accessible but authoritative guide, suitable for total beginners, that provides all the information you need to start keeping your own chickens.Telling you which breed of bird lays best and providing useful guidance on housing, equipment and the necessities of day-to-day care, it meets all the needs of anyone who dreams of a garden full of happy, clucking birds. It also goes beyond just chickens to other types of poultry, and gives advice and practical guidelines on housing, with full explanation of key areas like welfare, behavior and diet.
Book
Metagenomic insights into microbial diversity and potential pathogenic transmission in poultry farm environments of Bangladesh
The microbiome plays a critical role in poultry health and productivity, influencing growth, immunity, and the overall farm ecosystem. This study investigated microbial diversity, antibiotic resistance pathways, and functional potential across various components of poultry ecosystems—cloacal swabs, droppings, feed, hand swabs, soil, and water—in different districts of Bangladesh. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we identified 2,745 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and analyzed microbial richness, community structure, and functional pathways. Alpha diversity metrics revealed that droppings exhibited the highest microbial richness (726 OTUs in Noakhali), while feed samples showed the lowest diversity (211 OTUs). Beta diversity analysis indicated significant differences in microbial composition across sample sources, with PERMANOVA confirming that sample origin accounted for 51.45% of the variability (
p
< 0.001). Proteobacteria dominated the microbial communities (48.36%), followed by Firmicutes (19.83%) and Cyanobacteria (12.02%). Key genera of concern, such as
Enterobacter
(26.62% in hand swabs),
Acinetobacter
(30.87% in cloacal swabs), and
Shigella
(22.89% in cloacal swabs), were identified, highlighting potential contamination and zoonotic risks. Conversely, beneficial genera like
Lactobacillus
(36.89% in feed) and
Enterococcus
(10.78% in droppings) were prevalent, suggesting roles in gut health and nutrient cycling. Functional pathway analysis (KEGG) revealed that carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were highly active in droppings and feed, reflecting nutrient utilization. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pathways, such as 23S rRNA-methyltransferase and multidrug efflux pumps, were widespread, with pathogenic genera (
Enterobacter
,
Acinetobacter
,
Shigella
,
Pseudomonas
) showing strong positive correlations with AMR pathways. These findings underscore the influence of environmental factors on microbial diversity and functional potential in poultry farming. The study highlights the need for improved management practices and biosecurity measures to mitigate risks associated with microbial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance, ultimately supporting healthier and more sustainable poultry production in Bangladesh.
Journal Article
Evaluation of lyophilized bacteriophage cocktail efficiency against multidrug-resistant Salmonella in broiler chickens
Currently, phage biocontrol is increasingly used as a green and natural technology for treating
Salmonella
and other infections, but phages exhibit instability and activity loss during storage. Therefore, in this study, the effects of lyophilization on the activity and stability of phage cocktails for the control of multidrug-resistant
Salmonella
in broiler chickens were determined. Eight serotypes of
Salmonella
were isolated and identified from broiler chicken farms, and bacteriophages against multidrug-resistant
Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky,
Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimrium and
Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis were isolated. The bacteriophage cocktail was prepared and lyophilized, and it was subjected to in vitro and in vivo examinations. A reconstituted lyophilized bacteriophage cocktail was used for the oral treatment of chicks before and after challenge with multidrug-resistant
S.
Kentucky. The colonization of cecum by
S.
Kentucky was detected by using real-time PCR, and the serum levels of IgM, IgA and IL-4 and pathological changes in the different groups were detected. Three Caudovirales phages families were identified including
Autographiviridae
,
Straboviridae
and
Drexlerviridae
against multidrug-resistant
S.
Kentucky,
S.
Typhimrium
and S.
Enteritidis. The groups treated with the bacteriophage cocktail showed no clinical signs, no postmortem lesions, and a mortality rate of 0%, which improved the growth performance parameters. Additionally, the estimated serum levels of IgM, IgA and IL-4 were significantly greater in the bacteriophage cocktail-treated groups. Lyophilization effectively preserves the long-term storage stability of phages. Therefore, lyophilized bacteriophage cocktail therapy is a valuable approach for controlling multidrug-resistant
Salmonella
infections in broiler chickens.
Journal Article
Mycotoxins in Broiler Production: Impacts on Growth, Immunity, Vaccine Efficacy, and Food Safety
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that frequently contaminate poultry feed, posing significant risks to animal health, productivity, and food safety. In broiler production, mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone have been shown to impair growth performance, damage key organs, and disrupt immune function. This review explores the multifaceted impact of mycotoxin exposure in broilers, with particular emphasis on immunosuppression, decreased vaccine efficacy, and increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, including coccidiosis, salmonellosis, E. coli, and viral infections like infectious bursal disease and infectious laryngotracheitis. Mycotoxin contamination in poultry feed can lead to direct economic losses through reduced feed conversion efficiency, increased mortality, and reproductive disorders, while also resulting in the transfer of toxic residues into meat and eggs, thereby threatening consumer health. The review further examines the synergistic interactions between mycotoxins and pathogens, the physiological and histopathological changes in exposed birds, and the implications for public health. Finally, it discusses current mitigation strategies, including mycotoxin binders, probiotics, and regulatory approaches to reduce exposure. An integrated management strategy combining feed hygiene, monitoring, and targeted nutritional interventions is essential to safeguard poultry health, enhance vaccine responses, and ensure the safety of poultry-derived food products. This review offers actionable insights for veterinarians, nutritionists, and policymakers, reinforcing the importance of mycotoxin mitigation strategies within a One Health framework.
Journal Article