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Crop quality and nutrient uptake are considerably influenced by fertilizers inputs and their application rate. Biochar (BC) improves nitrogen uptake and crop productivity. However, its interaction with synthetic and organic fertilizers in calcareous soil is not fully recognized. Therefore, we inspected the role of biochar (0, 10, 20, and 30 t ha –1 ) in improving N uptake and quality of wheat in a calcareous soil under integrated N management (90, 120, and 150 kg N ha –1 ) applied each from urea, farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry manure (PM) along with control) in 2 years field experiments. Application of 20 t BC along with 150 kg N ha –1 as poultry manure considerably improved wheat grain protein content (14.57%), grain (62.9%), straw (28.7%), and biological (38.4%) yield, grain, straw, and total N concentration by 14.6, 19.2, and 15.6% and their uptake by 84.6, 48.8, and 72.1%, respectively, over absolute control when averaged across the years. However, their impact was more pronounced in the 2nd year (2016–2017) after application compared to the 1st year (2015–2016). Therefore, for immediate crop benefits, it is recommended to use 20 t BC ha –1 once in 50 years for enhancing the nitrogen use efficiency of fertilizers and crop yield.

The demand for animal protein has increased considerably worldwide, especially in China, where large numbers of livestock and poultry are produced. Antibiotics have been widely applied to promote growth and prevent diseases. However, the overuse of antibiotics in animal feed has caused serious environmental and health risks, especially the wide spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which seriously affects animal and human health, food safety, ecosystems, and the sustainable future development of animal protein production. Unfortunately, AMR has already become a worldwide challenge, so international cooperation is becoming more important for combatting it. China’s efforts and determination to restrict antibiotic usage through law enforcement and effective management are of significance. In this review, we address the pollution problems of antibiotics; in particular, the AMR in water, soil, and plants caused by livestock and poultry manure in China. The negative impact of widespread and intensive use of antibiotics in livestock production is discussed. To reduce and mitigate AMR problems, we emphasize in this review the development of antibiotic substitutes for the era of antibiotic prohibition.

Lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis L.) is a valuable medicinal plant, but its growth can be significantly impacted by drought stress. This study aimed to mitigate the adverse effects of water deficit stress on lemon balm biomass by integrating poultry manure compost, poultry manure biochar, NPK fertilizer, Trichoderma harzianum , Thiobacillus thioparus , and elemental sulfur as soil amendments. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement, consisting of three replicates. It included a water deficit stress factor at three levels (95–100%, 75–80%, and 55–60% of field capacity) and a soil amendment treatment factor with eleven different fertilizer levels. Treatments included control (no amendment), NPK fertilizer, poultry manure compost, poultry manure biochar, and combinations of these with T. harzianum , T. thioparus, and elemental sulfur under various water deficit levels. Water deficit stress significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content, and antioxidant enzyme activity, while increasing membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation in lemon balm plants. However, the integrated application of organic, biological, and chemical amendments mitigated these negative impacts. The combined treatment of poultry manure compost, poultry manure biochar, NPK fertilizer, T. harzianum , T. thioparus , and elemental sulfur was the most effective in improving the morpho-physiological properties (1.97–60%) and biomass (2.31–2.76 times) of lemon balm under water deficit stress. The results demonstrate the potential of this holistic approach to enhance the resilience of lemon balm cultivation in water-scarce environments. The integration of organic, biological, and chemical amendments can contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by improving plant morphological and physiological properties and plant performance under drought conditions.

Promising methods for managing poultry manure (PM) include converting poultry manure through pyrolysis to biochar, which can be used for soil applications. The overall goal of this study was to determine the effects of poultry manure-derived biochar and compost on the soil and growth of cherry tomatoes. The biochar obtained at 475 °C was characterized by a relatively high organic matter content of 39.47% and nitrogen content of 3.73%, while it had the lowest C/N ratio of 8.18. According to the recommendations of the EBC, the biochar obtained at 475 °C demonstrated the most beneficial effects in terms of fertilizing potential. The composting of poultry manure with the straw was successful, and the limit of 60 °C was exceeded, which allowed for the hygienization of the compost. The produced compost and biochar are sanitary safe and do not exceed the limits of heavy metal content. The lowest plant biomass was obtained from growing medium A with 3.6 g wet weight (0.24 g dry weight). The measurements of the height of cherry tomatoes showed that growing media D, E, and F allowed the plants to obtain from 602 to 654 mm in height.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a granular poultry manure fertiliser on the yield and the quality of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), and to determine the effect on the soil agrochemical properties. The effect of the granular poultry manure fertiliser and mineral fertiliser (applied separately and combined at different times – in early spring and in autumn) on the cabbage yields was determined. Investigations were carried out in the fields of the Institute of Horticulture, the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. The object of the research – white cabbage ‘Socrates’ H. The highest white cabbage marketable yield (80.5 t/ha) and the highest amount of vitamin C (7.80 mg per 100 g of products) was obtained by applying the granular poultry manure fertiliser in the autumn and the mineral fertiliser in the spring, where the granular poultry manure fertiliser applied in the early spring and the granular poultry manure fertiliser applied in the autumn with the mineral fertiliser applied in spring retained a higher content of humus (1.82–1.94%), organic carbon (1.06–1.12%) and total nitrogen (0.099–0.147%). The mineral nitrogen residue in the soil decreased when the cabbage was fertilised in the spring with the mineral fertiliser and when fertilised in the spring with the mineral fertiliser in combination with the granular poultry manure fertiliser by 8.1–10.8 kg/ha. The minimum content of nitrates in the heads of the white cabbage was found after using the granular poultry manure fertiliser in the autumn.

Human living environments and health are seriously affected by the odor produced from fermentation of livestock and poultry manure. In order to reduce the odor pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure, efficient strains were screened and two methods were tried in this study. The orthogonal test design was used to analyze the gas produced by pig manure under different conditions of temperature, time, wheat straw doping amount and calcium carbonate doping amount. Then, according to ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and comprehensive odor removal effects, the high efficiency of deodorizing strains were screened. The results showed that pig manure produced the least odor when the temperature was 20 °C, added 0% calcium carbonate, 20% wheat straw and waited for 48 h. Three strains were screened to inhibit the odor production of pig manure: Paracoccus denitrificans, Bacillus licheniformis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, showed that their highest removal rate of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas could reach 96.58% and 99.74% among them; while for three strains of end-control pig manure stench: Pichia kudriavzevii, P. denitrificans and Bacillus subtilis, the highest removal rate of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gas reached 85.91% and 90.80% among them. This research provides bacteria resources as the high-efficiency deodorizing function for the source suppression and the end treatment of the odor gas of pig manure, which has high application value for the control of odor pollution.

PurposeWater scarcity and soil salinity are among the major factors responsible for lower plant growth and production. Many studies have reported beneficial effects of biochar application in mitigating salt and drought stress in soil. This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of poultry manure-derived biochar (BC) and silica modified BC (SBC) to mitigate the waning effects of soil salinity and water scarcity on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plant growth.Materials and methodsA pot experiment was conducted in greenhouse with soil collected from local agricultural farm. Amendments were added to soil at three rates: 0%, 1%, and 3% (w/w), and three levels of salinity (0, 50, and 100 mM) were applied, while in a separate pot experiment, plants were irrigated at 2-level water contents, i.e., 50% and 100% of field capacity (FC). Results and discussionPlants grown in soil with BC and SBC showed comparatively higher growth against control treatment with no added amendments. Soil receiving SBC displayed an increase in pH value by 0.07–0.47, lower electrical conductivity value (0.86–1.17 dS m−1), and higher uptake of P (878.57 to 1753.58 µg plant−1). Furthermore, higher K+ and lower Na+ availability and plant uptake were found in SBC-amended soil compared with control. Overall, 3% SBC application performed outclass in improving plant growth under 50% FC.ConclusionIn nutshell, BC and SBC displayed substantial potential in reducing soil salinity and drought stress and improved nutrient availability and plant uptake.

There have been various environmental issues in the treatment and resource utilisation of solid waste of livestock and poultry industry in Gansu Province. Thus, in this study, manure of cattle, pig, and chicken from farms near the Lanzhou University of Technology in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province were selected as raw materials for composting using 10 % corn stalk as a leavening agent for aerobic static composting. This study focused on bacterial, fungal, and actinomycetes community succession during livestock manure composting and the underlying microbial degradation mechanism. The results demonstrated that during livestock manure composting, the number of the above-mentioned types of microbes was all positively correlated with the temperature of the compost piles. In the initial stage of composting, the number of microbes increased as the temperature increased, and reached the peaks at the highest temperature, after which, their numbers decreased with the decrease in temperature. At the end of composting, in the cattle, pig, and chicken manure compost piles, the number of bacteria were respectively (3.1 ±1.0) · 10 CFU·g d.w., (4.4 ±1.0) · 10 CFU·g d.w. and (6.7 ±1.8) · 10 CFU·g d.w., respectively, those of fungi were (8.6 ±1.2) · 10 CFU·g d.w., (7.2 ±1.6) · 10 CFU·g d.w. and (8.0 ±2.8) · 10 CFU·g d.w., respectively, while those of actinomycetes were (8.8 ±2.2) · 106 CFU·g d.w., (9.5 ±2.1) · 106 CFU·g d.w. and (6.32 ±0.98) · 106 CFU·g d.w., respectively.

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different levels of organic and mineral fertilizers and agricultural sulfur on availability of N,P and K in soil and their concentrations in potato tubers. The experiment was carried out in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, during 2021 by adding three levels of organic fertilizer (Poultry manure) 0, 5, and 10 Mg ha-1, and their symbols were OM0, OM1, and OM2, respectively. three levels of mineral fertilizer 0, 50 and 100% of the fertilizers recommendation, their symbols were C0, C1, and C2 respectively. three levels of agricultural sulfur 0, 1000, and 2000 kg ha-1, their symbols are S0, S1, and S2 respectively. Randomize complete block design was used with factorial experiment  using three replicates. The results showed an increase in soil of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with levels of organic, mineral fertilizers and agricultural sulfur. The results showed  that the treatment OM2S2C2 achieved the highest mean of 62.87, 35.62 and 313.24 mg for N,P and K kg-1 soil, respectively, compared to the control treatment OM0S0C0, which gave the lowest mean of 28.7, 9.3, 262.56 mg kg-1 soil for N,P and K, respectively. The results also showed an increase in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in potato tubers. The treatment OM2S2C2 achieved the highest mean of 1.29, 0.47, 1.56 % for N,P and K, respectively, compared to the control treatment OM0S0C0, which gave the lowest mean of 0.99, 0.25, 1.02% for N,P and K, respectively.