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The effect of carbon dioxide emission and the consumption of electrical energy, fossil fuel energy, and renewable energy, on economic performance: evidence from Pakistan
Energy affects the economic growth and development of a country. Renewable energy has become an important part of the world’s energy consumption. The use of fossil fuel energy contributes to global warming and carbon dioxide emissions, and has a detrimental effect on the environment. The long-run and short-run causality relationships between electric power consumption, renewable electricity output, renewable energy consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, energy use, carbon dioxide emissions, and gross domestic product per capita for Pakistan over the period of 1990–2017 were investigated in this paper using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to cointegration. The augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root test and the Phillips–Perron unit root test were used to check the stationarity of the variables, while the Johansen cointegration test was applied to check the robustness of the long-run relationships. The Granger causality test under the vector error correction model extracted during the short-run estimation showed a unidirectional relationship among all variables except for the relationship between gross domestic product per capita and carbon dioxide emission, which was bidirectional (feedback hypothesis). The evidence showed that in the long run, carbon dioxide emissions, electric power consumption, and renewable electricity output had a positive and significant relationship with the gross domestic product per capita, while the relationship of renewable energy consumption, energy use, and fossil fuel energy consumption with the gross domestic product per capita had a negative effect. Overall, the long-run effects of the variables were found to have a stronger effect on the gross domestic product per capita than the short-run dynamics, which indicated that the findings were heterogeneous. The evidence suggests that the government of Pakistan should take steps to enhance the use of renewable energy resources to resolve the energy crisis in the country and introduce new policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Journal Article
Challenges and opportunities in IoT healthcare systems: a systematic review
In this study, the latest research articles which are involved in the Internet of Things (IoT) based healthcare system are analyzed as the IoT is growing enormously in the healthcare systems such as health monitoring, fitness programs, etc. Numerous research has been carried out in the IoT based healthcare system to improve monitoring efficiency. The architecture used in the IoT especially the cloud integrated systems are investigated in this work. The factors such as accuracy and power consumption are the important concern in the IoT, hence the research works which are involved in improving the performance of the IoT based healthcare systems are discussed. Data management methods in the IoT based healthcare system with cloud facilities are also systematically analyzed in this study. The performance of the IoT based healthcare system along with its advantages and limitations are reviewed. Most research works are efficient in detecting several symptoms and can accurately predict the diseases. The IoT based healthcare system designed especially for elders is an efficient solution in monitoring their healthcare issues. Major limitations in the existing systems are high power consumption, availability of fewer resources and security issues due to the utilization of many devices.
Journal Article
There is no Planet B : a handbook for the make or break years
\"Almost every year since records began, our species has had more energy at its disposal than it had the year before. For the last 50 years, the growth rate has averaged 2.4% per year, more than tri-pling in total over that time. For the century before that it was more like 1% per year, and as we go back through history, the growth rate looks lower still but nevertheless positive, give or take the odd blip. We have been getting continually more powerful, not just by growing our energy supply, but by using it with ever more efficiency and inventiveness. In doing so, we have been increas-ingly affecting our world, through a mixture of accident and de-sign. The restorative powers of our planet, meanwhile, have re-mained broadly the same, so the balance of power has been shift-ing - and it has now tipped. Throughout history, the dominant cultures have treated the planet as a big and robust place, compared to everything we could throw at it--and that approach has not, generally speaking, come back to bite us.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Evaluating the Ability of NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data to Estimate the Gross Domestic Product and the Electric Power Consumption of China at Multiple Scales: A Comparison with DMSP-OLS Data
The nighttime light data records artificial light on the Earth’s surface and can be used to estimate the spatial distribution of the gross domestic product (GDP) and the electric power consumption (EPC). In early 2013, the first global NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data were released by the Earth Observation Group of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA/NGDC). As new-generation data, NPP-VIIRS data have a higher spatial resolution and a wider radiometric detection range than the traditional DMSP-OLS nighttime light data. This study aims to investigate the potential of NPP-VIIRS data in modeling GDP and EPC at multiple scales through a case study of China. A series of preprocessing procedures are proposed to reduce the background noise of original data and to generate corrected NPP-VIIRS nighttime light images. Subsequently, linear regression is used to fit the correlation between the total nighttime light (TNL) (which is extracted from corrected NPP-VIIRS data and DMSP-OLS data) and the GDP and EPC (which is from the country’s statistical data) at provincial- and prefectural-level divisions of mainland China. The result of the linear regression shows that R2 values of TNL from NPP-VIIRS with GDP and EPC at multiple scales are all higher than those from DMSP-OLS data. This study reveals that the NPP-VIIRS data can be a powerful tool for modeling socioeconomic indicators; such as GDP and EPC.
Journal Article
Does democracy improve environmental quality of GCC region? Analysis robust to cross-section dependence and slope heterogeneity
Since the developed world’s economic prosperity has been heavily reliant on excessive fossil-based energy consumption, it has posed severe environmental quality challenges. This research attempts to revisit the relationship between income and anthropogenic emissions in the context of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory by considering electric power consumption, urbanization, and democratic accountability index in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. It employs annual frequency panel data from 1990 through 2019 and three alternative advanced econometric estimation techniques. The main findings are as follows:
Firstly
, the EKC results for the whole sample strongly support the proposition of an inverse U-shaped connection between anthropogenic emissions and affluence in the long run.
Secondly
, the country-specific results confirm EKC only in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, while the remaining countries demonstrate a U-shaped connection.
Thirdly
, the democratic accountability promoted anthropogenic emissions implying that it failed to contribute to environmental protection. It means that democratic setup in the GCC region performs poorly in accomplishing climate change mitigation and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Fourthly
, electric power consumption and urbanization impart positive and negative impacts on anthropogenic emission, respectively. These findings are found robust across the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), bias-corrected LSDV (least squares dummy variable) (LSDV), and pooled mean group (PMG) estimators.
Finally
, Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality shows that (i) income and urbanization establish a two-way causality with the anthropogenic emissions. (ii) However, a unidirectional causal connection is revealed from electric power consumption and democratic accountability index to anthropogenic emissions. The findings suggest that the GCC region should prioritize environmental protection and SDGs across the political aims’ recipe since it would direct the region on the path of climate change mitigation.
Journal Article
Sustainable Future Energy Technology and Supply Chains : A Multi-perspective Analysis
\"This book provides a valuable resource for anyone who wishes to understand how sustainable use of energy can lead to increased efficiency of industrial supply chains and improved financial profitability. The book is organized around real examples and case studies that can be applied to real-world problems. Furthermore, insight is provided by an international panel of contributors, and the book provides comprehensive coverage of current practice and future developments in the evolution of sustainable supply chains and energy consumption. The text underlines how organizations are now looking seriously at supply chain assets in order to help their suppliers retool and focus on renewable energy. Renewable energy technology is a fast growing market with promising financial returns and substantial environmental gains; this book shows how the right management of renewable investments can have significant advantages by: providing critical opportunities in driving costs down and making renewable energy sources more competitive with conventional energy; making infrastructure expansion easier; increasing employment in manufacturing and services supply chains in order to support renewable energy generation; and mitigating the impacts of climate change.\" -- Back Cover.
Book
Constructal design of a rectangular porous fin considering minimization of maximum temperature difference and pumping power consumption
A heat dissipation model of a rectangular porous fin is established based on constructal theory. First, the constructal design of rectangular porous fin is conducted by selecting a complex function minimization, which composed of linear weighting sum of maximum temperature difference and pumping power consumption, as optimization objective. Effects of gap height, air inlet velocity, total porous fin volume and porosity on the optimal constructs are investigated, respectively. The findings show that the complex function can attain its double minimum at a value of 0.802 when the fin length and number are optimized, and the corresponding optimal fin length and number are 8.01 mm and 10, respectively. In comparison to original design, the complex function and maximum temperature difference after twice optimization are decreased by 19.80% and 66.31%, respectively. Second, the comprehensive performance of porous fin is improved by simultaneously optimizing the fin length and number. The artificial neural network is applied to predict the fin performances, which is used to conduct multi-objective optimization based on NSGA-II algorithm. Optimal structure of porous fin for multiple requirements is gained by LINMAP and TOPSIS decision-making strategies. The findings in this study can serve as theoretical guides for fin thermal designs of electronic devices.
Journal Article