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"Power of discrimination"
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A colony in a nation
\"Hayes contends our country has fractured in two: the Colony and the Nation. In the Nation, we venerate the law. In the Colony, we obsess over order, fear trumps civil rights, and aggressive policing resembles occupation. [His book posits that] a country founded on justice now looks like something uncomfortably close to a police state. How and why did Americans build a system where conditions in Ferguson and West Baltimore mirror those that sparked the American Revolution?\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Helena’s Many Daughters: More Mitogenome Diversity behind the Most Common West Eurasian mtDNA Control Region Haplotype in an Extended Italian Population Sample
The high number of matching haplotypes of the most common mitochondrial (mt)DNA lineages are considered to be the greatest limitation for forensic applications. This study investigates the potential to solve this constraint by massively parallel sequencing a large number of mitogenomes that share the most common West Eurasian mtDNA control region (CR) haplotype motif (263G 315.1C 16519C). We augmented a pilot study on 29 to a total of 216 Italian mitogenomes that represents the largest set of the most common CR haplotype compiled from a single country. The extended population sample confirmed and extended the huge coding region diversity behind the most common CR motif. Complete mitogenome sequencing allowed for the detection of 163 distinct haplotypes, raising the power of discrimination from 0 (CR) to 99.6% (mitogenome). The mtDNAs were clustered into 61 named clades of haplogroup H and did not reveal phylogeographic trends within Italy. Rapid individualization approaches for investigative purposes are limited to the most frequent H clades of the dataset, viz. H1, H3, and H7.
Journal Article
FROM BLACK POWER TO PRISON POWER : the making of Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union
\"This book uses the landmark case Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Labor Union to examine the strategies of prison inmates using race and radicalism to inspire the formation of an inmate labor union. It thus rekindles the debate over the triumphs and troubles associated with the use of Black Power as a platform for influencing legal policy and effecting change for inmates. While the ideology of the prison rights movement was complex, it rested on the underlying principle that the right to organize, and engage in political dissidence, was not only a First Amendment right guaranteed to free blacks, but one that should be explicitly guaranteed to captive blacks--a point too often overlooked in previous analyses. Ultimately, this seminal case study not only illuminates the history of Black Power but that of the broader prisoners' rights movement as well\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Whole mitochondrial genome genetic diversity in an Estonian population sample
Mitochondrial DNA is a useful marker for population studies, human identification, and forensic analysis. Commonly used hypervariable regions I and II (HVI/HVII) were reported to contain as little as 25 % of mitochondrial DNA variants and therefore the majority of power of discrimination of mitochondrial DNA resides in the coding region. Massively parallel sequencing technology enables entire mitochondrial genome sequencing. In this study, buccal swabs were collected from 114 unrelated Estonians and whole mitochondrial genome sequences were generated using the Illumina MiSeq system. The results are concordant with previous mtDNA control region reports of high haplogroup HV and U frequencies (47.4 and 23.7 % in this study, respectively) in the Estonian population. One sample with the Northern Asian haplogroup D was detected. The genetic diversity of the Estonian population sample was estimated to be 99.67 and 95.85 %, for mtGenome and HVI/HVII data, respectively. The random match probability for mtGenome data was 1.20 versus 4.99 % for HVI/HVII. The nucleotide mean pairwise difference was 27 ± 11 for mtGenome and 7 ± 3 for HVI/HVII data. These data describe the genetic diversity of the Estonian population sample and emphasize the power of discrimination of the entire mitochondrial genome over the hypervariable regions.
Journal Article
Locking up our own : crime and punishment in black America
\"Recounts the ... role that some African Americans--as judges, prosecutors, politicians, police officers, and voters--played in escalating the war on crime\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A study of genomic diversity in populations of Maharashtra, India, inferred from 20 autosomal STR markers
Objective
This study was planned to evaluate the genetic diversity in the admixed and
Teli
(a Hindu caste) populations of Maharashtra, India using 20 autosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) genetic markers. We further investigated the genetic relatedness of the studied populations with other Indian populations.
Results
The studied populations showed a wide range of observed heterozygosity viz. 0.690 to 0.918 for the admixed population and 0.696 to 0.942 for the Teli population. This might be due to the multi-directional gene flow. The admixed and Teli populations also showed a high degree polymorphism which ranged from 0.652 to 0.903 and 0.644 to 0.902, respectively. Their combined value of matching probability for all the studied loci was 4.29 × 10
–25
and 5.01 × 10
–24
, respectively. The results of Neighbor-Joining tree and Principal Component Analysis showed that the studied populations clustered with the general populations of Jharkhand, UttarPradesh, Rajasthan and Central Indian States, as well as with the specific populations of Maharashtra (
Konkanastha Brahmins
) and Tamil Nadu (
Kurmans
). Overall, the obtained data showed a high degree of forensic efficacy and would be useful for forensic applications as well as genealogical studies.
Journal Article
A rapid mtDNA assay of 22 SNPs in one multiplex reaction increases the power of forensic testing in European Caucasians
We have developed a multiplex mitochondrial (mtDNA) assay of 21 coding region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one control region SNP outside hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and hypervariable region 2 (HVR2) that can be amplified in a single reverse touchdown polymerase chain reaction. Single base extension using the SNaPshot technique is also carried out as one multiplex. Besides the nine major European haplogroups (i.e. H, I, J, K, T, U, V, W, and X), 16 additional subclades (i.e. N1, X2, X2b, U2′-4/7′-9′, J/T, J1, J1c, HV, H1, H1a1, H1c, H3, H4, H6a, H7a H10) can be detected and classified into a phylogenetic mtDNA tree. By analyzing 130 Caucasoid samples from Germany, 36 different haplotypes were found resulting in a power of discrimination of 93.2%. Although 49% of all samples belonged to superhaplogroup H, the most common haplotype, i.e., haplogroup-specific SNPs plus haplogroup unspecific SNPs, had a frequency of only 18%. This assay is applicable for high-throughput mtDNA analysis and forensic mass screening. It will give additional information to the common control region sequencing of HVR1 and HVR2.
Journal Article
A new 39-plex analysis method for SNPs including 15 blood group loci
A novel 39-plex typing system for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been developed. This multiplex approach has the advantage of being able to type 38 autosomal SNPs and one sex-discriminating base exchange site on the X and Y chromosomes rapidly and simultaneously. The SNP loci on the autosomes, which we examined, contain 15 loci distributed on blood type genes: three on RhCE, two each on Km and Gc, and one each on Duffy, AcP1, Tf, MN, GPT, EsD, PI, and Kidd genes.
Thirty-seven genomic DNA fragments containing a total of 38 SNPs and one sex-discriminating site were amplified in one multiplex PCR reaction. Following the reaction, single nucleotide primer extension reaction was performed by dividing these SNP loci into five groups. The SNP type of each of the 39 loci was determined at one time by capillary electrophoresis using the newly designed multi-injection method.
The combined PD (power of discrimination) of this typing system was (1–1.1)×10
−14, and the MEC (mean exclusion chance) was 0.9990. We applied this system to forensic cases, including 16 paternity testing cases (13 non-exclusion and three exclusion cases) and one personal identification case. For the paternity testing cases, the highest Essen–Möller’s
W-value was 0.9999995. The pM (matching probability) of the personal identification case was 2.22×10
−17. These data showed that this system was an excellent tool for use in forensic cases of paternity testing and personal identification.
Journal Article
Discerning non-disjunction in down syndrome patients by means of gluk1-(agat) n and d21s2055-(gata) n microsatellites on chromosome 21
Introduction: Down syndrome (DS), the leading genetic cause of mental retardation, stems from non-disjunction of chromosome 21. Aim: Our aim was to discern non-disjunction in DS patients by genotyping GluK1-(AGAT) n and D21S2055-(GATA) n microsatellites on chromosome 21 using a family-based study design. Materials and Methods: We have used a PCR and automated DNA sequencing followed by appropriate statistical analysis of genotype data for the present study Results and Discussion: We show that a high power of discrimination and a low probability of matching indicate that both markers may be used to distinguish between two unrelated individuals. That the D21S2055-(GATA) n allele distribution is evenly balanced, is indicated by a high power of exclusion [PE=0.280]. The estimated values of observed heterozygosity and polymorphism information content reveal that relative to GluK1-(AGAT) n [H obs =0.286], the D21S2055- (GATA) n [H obs =0.791] marker, is more informative. Though allele frequencies for both polymorphisms do not conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportions, we were able to discern the parental origin of non-disjunction and also garnered evidence for triallelic (1:1:1) inheritance. The estimated proportion of meiosis-I to meiosis-II errors is 2:1 in maternal and 4:1 in paternal cases for GluK1-(AGAT) n , whereas for D21S2055-(GATA) n , the ratio is 2:1 in both maternal and paternal cases. Results underscore a need to systematically evaluate additional chromosome 21-specific markers in the context of non-disjunction DS.
Journal Article
Genome-Wide Mining and Characterization of SSR Markers for Gene Mapping and Gene Diversity in Gossypium barbadense L. and Gossypium darwinii G. Watt Accessions
The present study aimed to characterize the simple sequence repeat markers in cotton using the cotton expressed sequence tags. A total of 111 EST-SSR polymorphic molecular markers with trinucleotide motifs were used to evaluate the 79 accessions of Gossypium L., (G. darwinii, 59 and G. barbadense, 20) collected from the Galapagos Islands. The allele number ranged from one to seven, with an average value of 2.85 alleles per locus, while polymorphism information content values varied from 0.008 to 0.995, with an average of 0.520. The discrimination power ranks high for the majority of the SSRs, with an average value of 0.98. Among 111 pairs of EST-SSRs and gSSRs, a total of 49 markers, comprising nine DPLs, one each of MonCGR, MUCS0064, and NAU1028, and 37 SWUs (D-genome), were found to be the best matched hits, similar to the 155 genes identified by BLASTx in the reference genome of G. barbadense, G. arboreum L., and G. raimondii Ulbr. Related genes GOBAR_DD21902, GOBAR_DD15579, GOBAR_DD27526, and GOBAR_AA04676 revealed highly significant expression 10, 15, 18, 21, and 28 days post-anthesis of fiber development. The identified EST-SSR and gSSR markers can be effectively used for mapping functional genes of segregating cotton populations, QTL identification, and marker-assisted selection in cotton breeding programs.
Journal Article