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In this paper, a CMOS optoelectronic analog front-end (AFE) preamplifier with cross-coupled active loads for short range LiDAR applications is presented, which consists of a spatially modulated P+/N-well on-chip avalanche photodiode (APD), the differential input stage with cross-coupled active loads, and an output buffer. Particularly, another on-chip dummy APD is inserted at the differential input node to improve the common-mode noise rejection ratio significantly better than conventional single-ended TIAs. Moreover, the cross-coupled active loads are exploited at the output nodes of the preamplifier not only to help generate symmetric output waveforms, but also to enable the limiting operations even without the following post-amplifiers. In addition, the inductive behavior of the cross-coupled active loads extends the bandwidth further. The proposed AFE preamplifier implemented in a 180-nm CMOS process demonstrate the measured results of 63.5 dB dynamic range (i.e., 1 µApp~1.5 mApp input current recovery), 67.8 dBΩ transimpedance gain, 1.6 GHz bandwidth for the APD capacitance of 490 fF, 6.83 pA⁄√Hz noise current spectral density, 85 dB power supply rejection ratio, and 32.4 mW power dissipation from a single 1.8 V supply. The chip core occupies the area of 206 × 150 µm2.

At the Montreal Tandem accelerator, an experiment is being set up to measure internal pair creation from the decay of nuclear excited states using a multiwire proportional chamber and scintillator bars surrounding it from the Daphne experiment. The acceptance covers a solid angle of nearly 4π. Preamplifiers and the data acquisition hardware have been designed and tested. The 7 LiF target, mounted on an Al foil and water-cooled is in a thin carbon fiber section of the beamline. The experiment will focus at first on a measurement of the internal pair creation from the 18.15 MeV state of 8 Be with the aim of observing independently the X17 particle discovered by the ATOMKI experiment. Assuming the ATOMKI evaluation of the electron-pair production rate from X17, Geant4 simulation predicts observation of a clear signal after about 2 weeks of data taking with 2 μ A proton beam. The IPC measurement could eventually be extended to the giant dipole resonance of 8 Be, as well as to other nuclei, in particular to 10 B.

This paper presents a proposed inverter‐based triple‐tail comparator designed for high‐speed and high‐efficiency applications in analogue‐to‐digital converters. In this proposed comparator, auxiliary inverter based pre‐amplifier is proposed to maintain the gain of the pre‐amplification stage and bolstering the robustness of the pre‐amplifier. Combined with offset cancelled technique, the definite state for each prior to comparison eliminates hysteresis effects. Utilizing the 28 nm CMOS process, the comparator achieves a high‐speed data conversion rate of 2 GHz and a root mean square offset of 1.5 mV, representing a reduction of over 62% compared to traditional structures. In this proposed comparator, auxiliary inverter based pre‐amplifier is proposed to maintain the gain of the pre‐amplification stage and bolstering the robustness of the pre‐amplifier. Combined with offset cancelled technique, the definite state for each prior to comparison eliminates hysteresis effects.

This work reports on preliminary tests and results for the neutron detection system of the MIRACLES instrument, the time-of-flight backscattering spectrometer at the European Spallation Source (ESS). Several prototypes consisting of two tubes connected in series using a U-connection (doublets) were designed, manufactured and tested. The purpose is, on one hand, to tests the robustness of the serial U-connection, and on the other hand, the integration of the doublets with the front-end electronics (preamplifiers and digitizer). Two models of multichannel charge-sensitive CAEN preamplifiers have been used during the experiments. These preliminary tests were essential to characterize the detectors and gain insight into the parameters for data acquisition chain prior to integration into the ESS data management.

In the control system of a quantum gravimeter, the optical signal containing phase information is weak and usually at the nV level. This situation puts forward high requirements for the measurement performance of the system. As the coupling input component of the measurement system, the noise level of the preamplifier has a dramatic influence on the noise performance. In this paper, the input current signal is provided by the photodiode. According to the photodiode output characteristics, we design three preamplifiers with different gain and bandwidth, which is verified by the optical system. Under the condition of meeting the design requirements, the noise performance is compared with the common commercial detector Model 2307. The results show that the noise performance of the photoelectric converter designed in this paper is about 1.5 times that of model 2307.

Characterizing Europa’s subsurface ocean is essential for assessing Europa’s habitability. The suite of instruments on the Europa Clipper spacecraft will, among others, magnetically sound Europa’s interior by measuring the ocean’s induced magnetic field. This magnetic field is generated in response to the Jovian time-varying magnetic environment in which Europa is immersed. However, the dynamic magnetized plasma flow of the Jovian magnetosphere creates electrical currents that give rise to magnetic perturbations near Europa. These perturbations complicate the interpretation of the induction signal, and hence the characterization and inferences on potential habitability. Thus, characterization of the ocean by magnetic sounding requires an accurate characterization of the plasma as it flows across Europa. We present the Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS), the instrument for the Europa Clipper mission that will measure the plasma contribution to the magnetic field perturbations sensed by the Europa Clipper Magnetometer. PIMS is composed of four Faraday Cup plasma spectrometers that use voltage-biased gridded apertures to dissect the space plasmas that they encounter. The instrument uses sensitive preamplifiers and processing electronics to measure the current that results when charged particles strike the instrument’s metal collector plates, thus enabling a measure of the plasma characteristics near Europa to produce a more accurate magnetic sounding of Europa’s subsurface ocean. PIMS consists of two sensors: one placed near the top of the Europa Clipper spacecraft and one near the bottom. Each sensor contains two Faraday Cups with a 90° full-width field-of-view. The sensors were specifically designed to withstand the Europa environment, measure both ions and electrons, and have two separate voltage ranges intended to analyze the magnetospheric and ionospheric environments, respectively. In this paper, we describe the scientific motivation for this experiment, the design considerations for the PIMS instrument, the details of the ground calibration, and other details pertinent to understanding the scientific data retrieved by PIMS.

Fluorescence‐mode X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at high photon energies requires detectors with high stopping power and excellent energy resolution to measure weak element‐specific signals. Traditional silicon‐based detectors suffer from poor efficiency above ∼20 keV, while most high‐Z materials such as cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride, and gallium arsenide have focused predominantly on imaging applications with limited spectroscopic resolution. In contrast, germanium combines excellent stopping power with superior intrinsic energy resolution due to its low Fano factor and favorable charge transport properties, making it ideal for high‐resolution spectroscopy in the 15 keV to 100 keV range. To address these requirements, we report on the development, fabrication, and performance evaluation of Gepta‐EX, a compact multi‐channel high‐purity germanium (HPGe) detector system for fluorescence‐mode XAS. The Gepta‐EX system features a monolithic seven‐channel HPGe pixel array integrated with low‐noise CUBE charge‐sensitive preamplifiers, housed within a thermally isolated compact cryostat operating near 90 K. The detector achieves energy resolutions of 218 eV at 5.9 keV (from a 55Fe source) and 373 eV at 59.5 keV (from a 241Am source), with uniform performance across all channels. By avoiding the escape peak interference commonly associated with silicon detectors and providing stable, high‐resolution performance, Gepta‐EX represents a powerful tool for high‐energy X‐ray spectroscopy. Gepta‐EX is a compact seven‐channel high‐purity germanium detector designed to deliver high‐resolution fluorescence X‐ray absorption fine‐structure measurements at photon energies where silicon detectors become effectively transparent. It provides excellent energy resolution across a broad energy range, avoids silicon escape‐peak artifacts, and offers uniform multi‐channel performance, enabling reliable high‐energy X‐ray absorption studies of advanced materials.

In this paper, the current study uses a lector technique to modify the latch. The Lector approach is one of the top low-power methods for IC technologies. The locking mechanism is the third stage in our proposed design for a three-stage comparator. The lector approach is used for the three-stage comparator circuit in this case and its modified version. Pre-amplifier stages are the first two levels. The improved performance of this comparator circuit uses two sets of complementary biased two-stage preamplifiers. The traditional three-stage amplifier decreased the latency, while the modified version of the modified three-stage amplifier focused on the kickback noise. The proposed design of this three-stage comparator, which employs a lector approach, concentrates mainly on lower consumption. Tanner EDA was used to build and simulate this complete schematic. Materials having a lesser environmental effect are chosen, such as those that use fewer resources or are simpler to recycle after a product’s lifespan and sustainability.

Optical fiber coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) with erbium-doped fiber inline-amplifiers for the linear polarization geometrical model is studied in this paper for fiber system optimization by using the Optisystem simulation software. Signal gain (SG), noise figure (NF), and signal/noise are measured against CWDM optical fiber variations. The erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is based on the Giles model which solves the steady-state rate equations for SG and signal absorption parameters with the cross-section area of the amplifier itself. The signal is optimized at EDFA length of 6 m, 10 Gb/s data rates (DRs) transmission and 10 km CWDM fiber optic length (FOL). Max. Q factor is degraded and min. BER is upgraded with both CWDM optical FLs and higher DRs transmission increase.

Aim and scope of this study is to simulate the performance signature of optical inter satellite links based booster Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and receiver preamplifiers. The study is simulated to demonstrated the effect of changing the propagation distances between satellites spacing based on the booster EDFA and receiver preamplifiers. Signal power amplitude, Max. Q factor, and min bit error rate are investigated against the input power variations.