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"Preferences"
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Preference, value, choice, and welfare
\"This book is about preferences, principally as they figure in economics. It also explores their uses in everyday language and action, how they are understood in psychology and how they figure in philosophical reflection on action and morality. The book clarifies and for the most part defends the way in which economists invoke preferences to explain, predict and assess behavior and outcomes. Hausman argues, however, that the predictions and explanations economists offer rely on theories of preference formation that are in need of further development, and he criticizes attempts to define welfare in terms of preferences and to define preferences in terms of choices or self-interest. The analysis clarifies the relations between rational choice theory and philosophical accounts of human action. The book also assembles the materials out of which models of preference formation and modification can be constructed, and it comments on how reason and emotion shape preferences\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
0910 Potential Role of Physicians in Addressing the Needs of Those At-Risk of a Neurodegenerative Disorder – A Pilot Survey
Introduction In a recent study, most patients diagnosed with isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) preferred their physician discussed their risk for developing a future neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) such as parkinsonism or dementia (PD). In the Mayo Clinic email survey, 75% would lose trust in their physician if PD-risk was not discussed following an iRBD diagnosis. For this survey, questions were designed to investigate preferences for how sleep physicians might communicate to community-based adults about risk of a NDD. Methods A survey was administered to Rotary Club attendees prior to a sleep and neurodegenerative disease presentation, with options for responses being either strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, or strongly agree. Thirty-four surveys were obtained from approximately equal numbers of men and women with estimated ages above 50 years. Personal information were not obtained (i.e., sex and age). Results The vast majority of respondents wanted their physician to ask their preference prior to sharing NDD risk (86% strongly agreed or agreed), while virtually all would lose trust in their physician if he/she did not discuss their NDD risk (97% strongly agreed/agreed). If identified with NDD risk, responders would seek out information about medications and adaptive therapies that could delay onset (97% strongly agreed/agreed), while only about half currently had a good understanding of lifestyle patterns that might help delay onset (47% strongly agreed/agreed and 47% disagreed/strongly disagreed). Not knowing when memory problems might begin would cause most responders to feel anxious (85% strongly agreed/agreed). Conclusion Those surveyed wanted their physician to ask their preference prior to sharing NDD risk, but virtually all would lose trust in their health care provider if the information was known but not shared. There appears to be a role for physicians in educating those who may be at NDD risk about interventions that could delay onset of NDD, given approximately half have a limited understanding of lifestyle patterns that could help delay onset. Further, routine follow-up for changes in prodromal NDD biomarker severity might help to reduce anxiety in the 85% of those concerned about when memory problems might begin. Support (if any) NIA-R44AG050326
Journal Article
First bite : how we learn to eat
\"Food historian Bee Wilson delves deep into the latest research from food psychologists, neuroscientists, and nutritionists to reveal that our food habits are shaped by family and culture, memory and gender, hunger and love. We do not come into the world with an innate sense of taste or nutrition as omnivores: we have to learn how and what to eat, how sweet is too sweet, and what food will give us the most energy for the coming day. Drawing on the psychology of eating, she shows that it is possible, despite our dysfunctional food industry and habits, to feed ourselves better\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Social development as preference management : how infants, children, and parents get what they want from one another
\"This engaging book presents social development in children through the language of preference management. Conversational excerpts garnered from around the world trace how parents talk about preferences, how infants' and children's emergent language conveys their preferences, how children themselves are impacted by others' preferences, and how they in turn influence the preferences of adults and peers. The language of preferences is used to crack into altruism, aggression, and morality, which are ways of coming to terms with other people's preferences. Behind the scenes is a cognitive engine that uses transformational thought - conducting temporal, imaginal, and mental transformations - to figure out other people's preferences and to find more sophisticated means of outmaneuvering others by persuading them and playing with one's own mind and other people's minds when preferences are blocked. This book is a unique and sometimes amusing must-read for anyone interested in child development, language acquisition, socialization, and communication\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Forced to Be Good
Preferential trade agreements have become common ways to protect or restrict access to national markets in products and services. The United States has signed trade agreements with almost two dozen countries as close as Mexico and Canada and as distant as Morocco and Australia. The European Union has done the same. In addition to addressing economic issues, these agreements also regulate the protection of human rights. InForced to Be Good, Emilie M. Hafner-Burton tells the story of the politics of such agreements and of the ways in which governments pursue market integration policies that advance their own political interests, including human rights.
How and why do global norms for social justice become international regulations linked to seemingly unrelated issues, such as trade? Hafner-Burton finds that the process has been unconventional. Efforts by human rights advocates and labor unions to spread human rights ideals, for example, do not explain why American and European governments employ preferential trade agreements to protect human rights. Instead, most of the regulations protecting human rights are codified in global moral principles and laws only because they serve policymakers' interests in accumulating power or resources or solving other problems. Otherwise, demands by moral advocates are tossed aside. And, as Hafner-Burton shows, even the inclusion of human rights protections in trade agreements is no guarantee of real change, because many of the governments that sign on to fair trade regulations oppose such protections and do not intend to force their implementation.
Ultimately, Hafner-Burton finds that, despite the difficulty of enforcing good regulations and the less-than-noble motives for including them, trade agreements that include human rights provisions have made a positive difference in the lives of some of the people they are intended-on paper, at least-to protect.
eBook
Four Failures to Demonstrate that Scarcity Magnifies Preference for Familiarity
As economic inequality increases in the United States and around the world, psychologists have begun to study how the psychological experience of scarcity impacts people's decision making. Recent work in psychology suggests that scarcity—the experience of having insufficient resources to accomplish a goal—makes people more strongly prefer what they already like relative to what they already dislike or like less. That is, scarcity may polarize preferences. One common preference is the preference for familiarity: the systematic liking of more often experienced stimuli, compared to less often experienced stimuli. Across four studies—three experiments and one cross- sectional survey (all pre-registered; see https://osf.io/7zyfr/)—we investigated whether scarcity polarizes the preference for familiarity. Despite consistently replicating people's preference for the familiar, we consistently failed to show that scarcity increased the degree to which people preferred the familiar to the unfamiliar. We discuss these results in light of recent failures to replicate famous findings in the scarcity literature.
Journal Article
The continuum of consumer choice
\"Human consumption is multi-faceted and so requires inter-disciplinary exploration in order to explain a spectrum of experience that is at once particular and all-pervading. Consumer choice is a microcosm of human activity which transcends the purview of the archetypal marketing or consumer psychology textbook. Its perspective is that of social science itself. This book understands the study of consumer choice as a paradigm of human socio-economic activity and seeks further understanding of its socio-economic and philosophical bases. The Continuum of Consumer Choice provides a novel view of consumer choice based on the temporal horizon of the consumer, giving rise to a spectrum of consumption styes from the everyday to the extreme. The focus is on explaining this continuum in behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological terms, affording the reader a unique perspective on the intellectual basis of consumer psychology and marketing. The reader gains insight into a critical combination of economic psychology, neurophysiology, and philosophy, which contributes to establishing marketing and consumer research as scholarly academic pursuits. The book's particular focus is the proper place and form of an intentional (cognitive and perceptual) explanation of consumer choice. This is an essential monograph for advanced students in consumer psychology and marketing as well as researchers in these areas. It is particularly relevant to marketing and consumer theory, providing appreciation of their scholarly foundations. It also appeals to students, lecturers, and researchers in social science generally who are alert to the intellectual potential of consumer psychology and marketing as contributors to a full understanding of human behavior and experience\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Anti-preferences
This Article offers a critical evaluation of preference satisfaction as a frame for normative thinking. It begins with an internal critique of the way preferences work in normative economics, distinguishing among three elements: welfare; preferences; and choices. For preference satisfaction to work well, it must be able to bridge two gaps, one between choice and preferences, and another between preferences and welfare. In contexts where both those gaps are bridged, preference satisfaction offers a workable normative framework; where at least one of those gaps is unbridgeable, the framework should be treated with extreme caution if not jettisoned altogether. The Article then goes on to pursue an external critique, by asking what price we pay for using the preference satisfaction framework when it appears to perform well. The point of the critique is that even when preference satisfaction provides a good normative framework on its own terms, the framework obscures considerations that should not be ignored. By pursuing one concrete example, the Article shows how broad considerations regarding the implications of the regime of wage labor are absent from legal contemplation when labor law is imagined and shaped through the lens of preference satisfaction. The Article concludes with a speculation about how different theories of welfare might be employed in concert, rather than as alternatives. It suggests that a pluralism of theory is a way to expose the political stakes in the kinds of policy discussion where preference satisfaction is often a dominant way of thinking.
Journal Article