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"Presidents -- United States -- History -- 18th century"
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For Fear of an Elective King
In the spring of 1789, within weeks of the establishment of the new federal government based on the U.S. Constitution, the Senate and House of Representatives fell into dispute regarding how to address the president. Congress, the press, and individuals debated more than a dozen titles, many of which had royal associations and some of which were clearly monarchical.For Fear of an Elective Kingis Kathleen Bartoloni-Tuazon's rich account of the title controversy and its meanings.
The short, intense legislative phase and the prolonged, equally intense public phase animated and shaped the new nation's broadening political community. Rather than simply reflecting an obsession with etiquette, the question challenged Americans to find an acceptable balance between power and the people's sovereignty while assuring the country's place in the Atlantic world. Bartoloni-Tuazon argues that the resolution of the controversy in favor of the modest title of \"President\" established the importance of recognition of the people's views by the president and evidence of modesty in the presidency, an approach to leadership that fledged the presidency's power by not flaunting it.
How the country titled the president reflected the views of everyday people, as well as the recognition by social and political elites of the irony that authority rested with acquiescence to egalitarian principles. The controversy's outcome affirmed the republican character of the country's new president and government, even as the conflict was the opening volley in increasingly partisan struggles over executive power. As such, the dispute is as relevant today as in 1789.
eBook
Three different paths to introduce the smallpox vaccine in early 19th century United States
•Little known facts about the introduction of smallpox vaccine in the US.•Variolation (inoculation of the smallpox) was introduced in Boston in 1721.•Benjamin Waterhouse introduced smallpox vaccination to Boston in 1800.•Other American physicians also introduced the vaccine to the East Coast.•The vaccine was introduced from Mexico to New Mexico and Texas in 1805-6.•Russian merchants introduced the vaccine from Peru to California in 1817.
The ancient technique of variolation (inoculation of the smallpox) which was introduced in the United States in 1721 was replaced by vaccination (inoculation of the cowpox) soon after the procedure was published by Edward Jenner in 1798. Benjamin Waterhouse is recognized as the introducer of smallpox vaccination in the United States having conducted the first vaccination in Boston on 8 July 1800, although other American physicians also played an important role in extending vaccination in the East Coast of the United States. A different route of introduction brought the smallpox vaccine from Mexico to New Mexico (March 1805) and Texas (April 1806) which at that time where part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The vaccine was brought to California in 1817 by Russian merchants who obtained it in Peru, where the vaccine had arrived in 1806 with the Spanish Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine. It took almost 150 years of vaccination efforts before the last natural outbreak of smallpox occurred in the United States in 1949.
Journal Article
Old Hickory's Violent Past Medical History
The past medical history (PMH) of Andrew Jackson (1767–1845) reflects one of the emblematic nicknames in Americana, “Old Hickory.” As a 14-year-old Rebel volunteer in the Revolutionary War, he survived a blow from a British saber and smallpox that he contacted in a prison camp epidemic. In 1806, Jackson challenged a rival who had made the mistake of maligning his beloved wife Rachel. He deliberately allowed his opponent to shoot him in the chest, and then killed him when he took his turn. A gunshot shattered his arm in an 1813 street fight that involved Thomas Hart Benton, who later became his ally in the United States Senate during his presidency. His PMH would not include a duel in 1787, where both parties shot and somehow missed; an escape from a party of Indians in 1791; a shootout in 1796 with the future governor of Tennessee; and in 1833 and 1835, the first two assassination attempts on a United States President. Wracked from a lifetime of maladies and wounds, he sought relief through heavy doses of nostrums laced with heavy metals and self-phlebotomy. He likely hastened his own death. The PMH gives perspective on a patient's present condition. In Jackson's case, it reveals traits that allowed him to survive and thrive in a dangerous age. His belligerence, fiery temper, and intransigence were qualities that led to success in war against the British and the Native American tribes of the southern United States, and in a political career that climaxed as the seventh United States President.
Journal Article
INDEXING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR
Levinson discusses the American Revolutionary War. The American Revolutionary War is classically portrayed as a war between the \"Americans\" and the British. But that is only part of the story, and it presumes a concrete national identity. It was also a war between Patriots (supporters of independence) and Loyalists (supporters of King George), Patriots and Native Americans, Britain and other nations in the world, and African Americans and those they thought would be less likely to grant them freedom. These conflicts will be explored in this article using the general semantics indexing technique. Though the Revolutionary War cost UK its colonies in America, Britain retained Canada and land in the Caribbean, Africa, and India. Britain would later expand in those regions, building what has been termed the \"Second British Empire,\" which eventually became the largest empire in the history of the world. From a global perspective, the aftermath of the American Revolution worked in Britain's favor, as Britain became the world's hegemon for more than a hundred years.
Journal Article
