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"Prevention measures"
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What should I do? if there is a fire
Readers learn what to do if they are caught in a burning building, how to prepare for such events ahead of time, and how to react to firefighters.
Book
Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures
Human fascioliasis infection sources are analysed for the first time in front of the new worldwide scenario of this disease. These infection sources include foods, water and combinations of both. Ingestion of freshwater wild plants is the main source, with watercress and secondarily other vegetables involved. The problem of vegetables sold in uncontrolled urban markets is discussed. Distinction between infection sources by freshwater cultivated plants, terrestrial wild plants, and terrestrial cultivated plants is made. The risks by traditional local dishes made from sylvatic plants and raw liver ingestion are considered. Drinking of contaminated water, beverages and juices, ingestion of dishes and soups and washing of vegetables, fruits, tubercles and kitchen utensils with contaminated water are increasingly involved. Three methods to assess infection sources are noted: detection of metacercariae attached to plants or floating in freshwater, anamnesis in individual patients, and questionnaire surveys in endemic areas. The infectivity of metacercariae is reviewed both under field conditions and experimentally under the effects of physicochemical agents. Individual and general preventive measures appear to be more complicated than those considered in the past. The high diversity of infection sources and their heterogeneity in different countries underlie the large epidemiological heterogeneity of human fascioliasis throughout.
Journal Article
Effects of COVID-19 Prevention Measures on Other Common Infections, Taiwan
To determine whether policies to limit transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hinder spread of other infectious diseases, we analyzed the National Health Insurance database in Taiwan. Rates of other infections were significantly lower after SARS-CoV-2 prevention measures were announced. This finding can be applied to cost-effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 prevention.
Journal Article
How can contamination be prevented during laboratory analysis of atmospheric samples for microplastics?
Microplastics (MPs) in the air and indoor environments are of growing concern and have led to increased testing for MPs. This study draws attention to the quality and quantitative measures of MP studies by conducting laboratory experiments (on solutions, filters, and blank samples) that were rarely or were not adopted in the airborne and indoor MP literature. Experiments have been conducted to identify contaminations that may come from experimental procedures while determining MPs in the air samples. MPs in different matrices during experiments were counted and categorized by their shapes. Chemical characterization was performed by Raman Spectroscopy. Results showed that laminar flow is the best option over a fume hood or standard laboratory environment for detecting air MPs to reduce blank levels. Blue-green and Black-Grey were the dominant colors; fiber was the predominant type of MPs seen, and most of them fall under the size range from (1—1000 µm) in different indoor environments and blanks. Common MPs seen were PP, PVA, PTFE, PVC, and HDPE. Thermal treatment of fresh unused filters at 450 °C for 4 h was effective as it reduced the MP count by 50%. Working solutions are mainly contaminated, and their pre-filtration is essential. The average deposition of MPs in blank samples during seven days was around 55 MPs. There is an urgent need for studies on developing quality control and quality assurance of airborne and indoor MPs. Hence, a standard protocol needs to be accepted; by harmonizing procedures, comparable results can be found, uncovering the correct levels of MP contamination, as required for risk assessment.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
How to Defend COVID-19 in Taiwan? Talk about People’s Disease Awareness, Attitudes, Behaviors and the Impact of Physical and Mental Health
This study explored awareness, attitudes, and behavior in relation to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention among Taiwanese citizens and their physical and mental health statuses. Through collection of 2132 questionnaire responses in field research, the present researchers analyzed the data using descriptive statistics and various approaches. In conclusion, the public’s high level of willingness to share information, sufficient knowledge of and consensus on epidemic prevention between individuals and families, strict compliance with relevant regulations, effective preventive measures, and adequate public facilities have contributed to control of COVID-19. However, vigilance and awareness of the pandemic in some individuals, epidemic-prevention campaigns, and community-based preventive measures were insufficient. Some citizens subsequently suffered from headaches, anxiety, and mood instability. Furthermore, demographic variables (place of residence, sex, age, and occupation) and physical and mental health status produced various effects on citizens’ awareness, attitude, and behavior regarding epidemic prevention as well as the perceived effect of COVID-19 on physical and mental health.
Journal Article
Perpetual observational study of the clinical and microbiological epidemiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia in Europe
Background
The clinical and microbiological epidemiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is not well studied in intensive care units (ICUs) European wide. The European Clinical Research Alliance on Infectious Diseases (Ecraid), a warm-base clinical research network investigating infectious diseases, aimed to track the implementation of VAP prevention strategies and quantify the incidence, aetiology, and clinical outcome of VAP, across several European countries.
Methods
Overall, 25 ICUs from 11 European countries participating in Ecraid’s perpetual observational study prospectively enrolled adult patients with an expected length of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) of at least 48 h, between August 2022 and September 2024. VAP was defined according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Patients were followed until ICU discharge or 28 days after VAP diagnosis. Routine clinical and microbiological data were prospectively collected. Mortality was calculated using cumulative incidence functions.
Results
Of the 3,446 patients at-risk of VAP, 590 developed VAP (cumulative incidence: 17.1%, 95% CI 15.9%-18.4% and incidence rate per 1000 ventilator days: 18.6, 95% CI 17.1–20.1). Importantly, VAP cumulative incidence varied widely between countries recruiting at least 100 patients (range: 7.6% (Croatia)-29.6% (Romania)). Microbiological documentation was available for 359 (60.8%) VAP patients, predominantly showing
Staphylococcus aureus
(26.2%),
Haemophilus influenzae
(16.2%), and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(15.0%). Methicillin resistance was confirmed in 14 (18.2%) of 77 VAP cases due to
S. aureus
. Ceftazidime and carbapenem resistance for
P. aeruginosa
was reported in 10/46 (21.7%) and 8/47 (17.0%) cases, respectively. Cumulative incidence of ICU mortality was 34.2% (95% CI 30.4%-38.0%) among VAP patients versus 29.3% (95% CI 27.6%-30.9%) in non-VAP patients. The overall median IMV duration until first extubation was 17 days in VAP patients (including ventilation before and after diagnosis) versus 7 days for non-VAP patients. The most widely implemented VAP prevention measure was head-of-bed elevation (3207 patients, 93.1%); only 4 patients (0.1%) did not have any prevention measures implemented.
Conclusion
In European ICUs, there is a considerable and heterogeneous incidence of VAP, with methicillin susceptible
S. aureus
most frequently identified as a causative pathogen. VAP is associated with poor clinical prognosis, highlighting the need for better VAP prevention and management strategies.
Journal Article