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"Principles"
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Navigating the Tensions: ESA, EU, the Geographical Return Principle, and Competitiveness in the European Ambit
This academic paper explores the relationship between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Union (EU), that has been marked by perceived incompatibilities, particularly regarding the ESA’s Geographical Return Principle (GRP) and the EU’s principles of unrestricted trade in the single market. The GRP, aimed at distributing contracts based on Member States’ financial contributions, has raised concerns about restricted competition, conflicting with the EU’s objective of fostering a fair and competitive market. Frictions have also arisen concerning EU competition rules and state aid regulations. While the ESA has incorporated certain EU procurement regulations into its procedures to enhance competitiveness, reconciling the unique characteristics of the space sector and long-term projects remains essential. The compatibility between the ESA and the EU has been debated, with some highlighting exemptions in the EU treaty and the scientific nature of the ESA. However, aligning the GRP with the EU single market presents significant challenges due to conflicting principles and potential discrimination among Member States. The ESA-EU relationship continues to grapple with the tension between the GRP and the EU’s single market principles. The creation of the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) reflects the EU’s recognition of its lack of technical capabilities and the need to align with market-driven competitiveness. The evolving landscape suggests a potential future where a centralized EU agency oversees the European space sector, but questions about fairness and state aid remain.
Journal Article
Smart Contracts and the Principles of the Law of Obligations
Introduction: the digitalization of public relations and the emergence of smart contracts have created the need to study what a smart contract is and whether it is subject to the general principles of the law of obligations. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the methods of historicism, consistency, and analysis. Results: the possibility of extending the principles of the law of obligations to the relations of the parties when they conclude a smart contract is analyzed. Conclusions: the conclusion is made about the extension of the principles of the law of obligations to smart contracts with the features due to the nature of smart contracts.
Journal Article
The professor and the madman : a tale of murder, insanity, and the making of the Oxford English dictionary
\"The creation of the Oxford English Dictionary began in 1857, took seventy years to complete, drew from tens of thousands of brilliant minds, and organized the sprawling language into 414,825 precise definitions. But hidden within the rituals of its creation is a fascinating and mysterious story - a story of two remarkable men whose strange twenty-year relationship lies at the core of this historic undertaking.\" \"Professor James Murray, an astonishingly learned former schoolmaster and bank clerk, was the distinguished editor of the OED project. Dr. William Chester Minor, an American surgeon from New Haven, Connecticut, who had served in the Civil War, was one of thousands of contributors who submitted illustrative quotations of words to be used in the dictionary. But Minor was no ordinary contributor. He was remarkably prolific, sending thousands of neat, handwritten quotations from his home in the small village of Crowthorne, fifty miles from Oxford. On numerous occasions Murray invited Minor to visit Oxford and celebrate his work, but Murray's offer was regularly-and mysteriously-refused.\" \"Thus the two men, for two decades, maintained a close relationship only through correspondence. Finally, in 1896, after Minor had sent nearly ten thousand definitions to the dictionary but had still never traveled from his home, a puzzled Murray set out to visit him. It was then that Murray finally learned the truth about Minor-that, in addition to being a masterful wordsmith, Minor was also a murderer, clinically insane-and locked up in Broadmoor, England's harshest asylum for criminal lunatics.\"--Jacket
Book
Multiplicity and Stability of the Pohozaev Obstruction for Hardy-Schrödinger Equations with Boundary Singularity
Let
On the other hand, the sharp blow-up analysis also allows us to show that if the mean curvature at
eBook
Reproducibility in density functional theory calculations of solids
Density functional theory (DFT) is now routinely used for simulating material properties. Many software packages are available, which makes it challenging to know which are the best to use for a specific calculation. Lejaeghere et al. compared the calculated values for the equation of states for 71 elemental crystals from 15 different widely used DFT codes employing 40 different potentials (see the Perspective by Skylaris). Although there were variations in the calculated values, most recent codes and methods converged toward a single value, with errors comparable to those of experiment. Science , this issue p. 10.1126/science.aad3000 ; see also p. 1394 A survey of recent density functional theory methods shows a convergence to more accurate property calculations. [Also see Perspective by Skylaris ] The widespread popularity of density functional theory has given rise to an extensive range of dedicated codes for predicting molecular and crystalline properties. However, each code implements the formalism in a different way, raising questions about the reproducibility of such predictions. We report the results of a community-wide effort that compared 15 solid-state codes, using 40 different potentials or basis set types, to assess the quality of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof equations of state for 71 elemental crystals. We conclude that predictions from recent codes and pseudopotentials agree very well, with pairwise differences that are comparable to those between different high-precision experiments. Older methods, however, have less precise agreement. Our benchmark provides a framework for users and developers to document the precision of new applications and methodological improvements.
Journal Article
Teaching physics through the implementation of a didactic strategy for the integration of knowledge in secondary school students
The objective was to evaluate the implementation of the knowledge integration model in high school students studying physics in a public educational institution in the city of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. A quasi-experimental model was applied. An intervention was implemented as a didactic strategy for the integration of knowledge based on the Pragmatic Pedagogical Principles, its operative criteria, and activities. Conceptual progress is reported by means of Hake’s normalized factor or gain, which was modified to the rating scales, and the results of partial exams are considered, implementing a continuous and formative evaluation system. The results were compared between the experimental and control groups. It was found that the experimental group showed better academic achievement and performance than the control group. This suggests that the results generated a continuous learning progress thanks to the application of the operative judgments of the corresponding principles.
Journal Article
Fundamental Understanding of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Zinc Anode Surface: A First-Principles Study
HighlightsThe reaction mechanisms of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on various crystal surfaces of zinc anode have been systematically investigated by first-principle calculations.Both the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of HER have been studied to reveal the relative HER activity of several crystal surface of zinc anode.The generalized coordination number of surface Zn atoms are proposed as a key descriptor of HER activity of Zn anode.Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has become a key factor affecting the cycling stability of aqueous Zn-ion batteries, while the corresponding fundamental issues involving HER are still unclear. Herein, the reaction mechanisms of HER on various crystalline surfaces have been investigated by first-principle calculations based on density functional theory. It is found that the Volmer step is the rate-limiting step of HER on the Zn (002) and (100) surfaces, while, the reaction rates of HER on the Zn (101), (102) and (103) surfaces are determined by the Tafel step. Moreover, the correlation between HER activity and the generalized coordination number (CN¯) of Zn at the surfaces has been revealed. The relatively weaker HER activity on Zn (002) surface can be attributed to the higher CN¯ of surface Zn atom. The atomically uneven Zn (002) surface shows significantly higher HER activity than the flat Zn (002) surface as the CN¯ of the surface Zn atom is lowered. The CN¯ of surface Zn atom is proposed as a key descriptor of HER activity. Tuning the CN¯ of surface Zn atom would be a vital strategy to inhibit HER on the Zn anode surface based on the presented theoretical studies. Furthermore, this work provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth understanding of HER on the Zn surface.
Journal Article