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Preliminary Analysis of Printed Polypropylene Foils and Pigments After Thermal Treatment Using DSC and Ames Tests
In order to recycle plastic waste back to food contact materials (FCMs), it is necessary to identify hazardous substances in plastic packaging that pose a toxicological risk. Printing inks on plastics are not yet designed to withstand the high heat stress of mechanical recycling processes and therefore require hazard identification. In this study, virgin polypropylene (PP) foils were printed with different types of inks (UV-cured, water-based) and colour shades. Thermal analysis of printed foils and pigments was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Samples were then thermally treated below and above measured thermal events at 120 °C, 160 °C, 200 °C or 240 °C for 30 min. Subsequently, migration tests and miniaturised Ames tests were performed. Four out of thirteen printed foils and all three pigments showed positive results for mutagenicity in miniaturised Ames tests after thermal treatment at 240 °C. Additionally, pre-incubation Plate Ames tests (according to OECD 471) were performed on three pigments and one printed foil, yielding two positive results after thermal treatment at 240 °C. These results indicate that certain ink components form hazardous decomposition products when heated up to a temperature of 240 °C. However, further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the chemical processes that occur during high thermal treatment.
Journal Article
Effect of photonic flash annealing with subsequent compression rolling on the topography, microstructure and electrical performance of carbon-based inks
Binders used in screen-printed carbon-based inks are typically non-conductive. Photonic annealing and subsequent compression rolling have therefore been employed to remove binder and consolidate the conductive particles. Using this method, screen-printable carbon inks containing graphite only, graphite nanoplatelets and a combination of graphite and carbon black were assessed. Photonic annealing leads to the degradation of the polymer binder separating the carbon morphologies, with subsequent compression rolling leading to significant reductions in print film thickness, roughness and improvements in particle orientation. Both processes lead to electrical performance enhancement for all printed inks assessed. The process was most effective for single graphitic morphologies with large gaps between conductors. These saw significant improvements, with reductions in electrical resistivity from 1.91 to 0.23 Ω cm for the graphite ink. The mixed carbon ink saw smaller but still significant improvements in print roughness and resistivity, from 0.037 to 0.019 Ω cm. Therefore, these postprocesses could widen the applications of common, low-cost carbon morphologies in screen printing inks.
Journal Article
The Life-Giving Efficacy of Beauty and Desire in Stoppard's Drama
In Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1967), Arcadia (1993), and Indian Ink (1995), the playwright Tom Stoppard poses existential questions about the inevitability of both cosmic and individual disintegration and death. However, as characters from Arcadia and Indian Ink engage in romantic encounters and acts of aesthetic creation driven by desire, they interrupt the cyclical inevitability of death embodied in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , and they oppose entropic disintegration by instigating encounters with beauty and desire that lead to reconciliation over time. This generative impulse of love and desire parallels Elaine Scarry's assertion in On Beauty and Being Just that encounters with beauty and desire are fundamentally life-giving.
Journal Article
Screening the Impact of Surfactants and Reaction Conditions on the De-Inkability of Different Printing Ink Systems for Plastic Packaging
One of the major applications (40% in Europe) of plastic is packaging, which is often printed to display required information and to deliver an attractive aesthetic for marketing purposes. However, printing ink can cause contamination in the mechanical recycling process. To mitigate this issue, the use of surfactants in an alkaline washing process, known as de-inking, has been employed to remove printing ink and improve the quality of recyclates. Despite the existence of this technology, there are currently no data linking the de-inking efficiency with typical printing ink compositions. Additionally, it is necessary to investigate the de-inking process under the process parameters of existing recycling plants, including temperature, NaOH concentration, and retention time. This study aims to evaluate the performance of commonly used printing inks with different compositions under various washing scenarios for plastic recycling in conjunction with different de-inking detergents containing surfactants or mixtures of surfactants. The results indicate that the pigments applied to the ink have no significant effect on the de-inking process, except for carbon black (PBk 7). Nitrocellulose (NC) binder systems exhibit high de-inkability (over 95%) under the condition of 55 °C and 1 wt.% NaOH. However, crosslinked binder systems can impede the de-inking effect, whether used as a binder system or as an overprint varnish (OPV). The de-inking process requires heating to 55 °C with 1 wt.% NaOH to achieve a substantial effect. Based on the findings in this work, breaking the Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and covalent bonds between the printing ink and plastic film is an essential step to achieve the de-inking effect. Further research is needed to understand the interaction between surfactants and printing inks, enabling the development of de-inkable printing inks and high-performance surfactants that allow for de-inking with less energy consumption. The surfactant and NaOH have a synergistic effect in cleaning the printing ink. NaOH provides a negative surface charge for the adsorption of the cationic head of the surfactant and can hydrolyze the covalent bonds at higher concentrations (>2 wt.%).
Journal Article
Overlooked Impact of Moisture on the Stability of Printing Ink and Its Impact on Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Quality
Printing inks, composed of binders, pigments, and additives, are essential components in plastic packaging but complicate recycling due to plastic contamination and degradation. While polyolefins are resistant to hydrolytic degradation, moisture generated from upstream cleaning processes, which is often ignored, can accelerate the degradation of ink binders, affecting the recyclate quality. This study has examined the impact of 3 wt.% moisture, introduced before extrusion, on the degradation of nitrocellulose (NC), polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) binders mixed with virgin, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) at varying concentrations to simulate contamination levels. Control samples were prepared by extrusion under dry conditions and using p-xylene to compare with degradation-free conditions. Analyses, including the measurement of the melt–flow index (MFI), tensile testing, FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), TGA (thermogravimetry analysis), and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) have established that NC is fully degraded, causing discoloration and altering the MFI. Moreover, PU degrades mainly in the presence of moisture, contrary to previous findings. In contrast, PVB does not degrade but exhibits modified mechanical properties; whereas, CAP shows minimal impact. The findings of this research demonstrate the critical role of moisture in determining recyclability, informing strategies for ink selection and recycling processes to facilitate plastic packaging circularity.
Journal Article
The chemistry of inkjet inks
Modern printing is based on digitizing information and then representing it on a substrate, such as paper, pixel by pixel. One of the most common methods of digital printing is through inkjet printers. The process of inkjet printing is very complicated, and the ink used must meet certain chemical and physicochemical requirements including those related to storage stability; jetting performance; color management; wetting; and adhesion on substrates. Obviously, these requirements — which represent different scientific disciplines such as colloid chemistry, chemical engineering, and physics — indicate the need for an interdisciplinary book that will cover all aspects of making and utilizing inkjet inks.
eBook
Direct‐Ink‐Writing Printed Stretchable Eutectic Gallium–Indium Antenna for Robust Wireless Communication
Stretchable antennas represent a pivotal innovation in enhancing wireless interconnection and driving the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Eutectic Gallium–Indium (EGaIn) is an ideal conductor for stretchable antennas. However, the inherent high surface tension and fluidity of EGaIn make the patterning low‐precision, time‐consuming, and failure‐prone. Here a wideband stretchable antenna is presented by direct writing of thermoplastic polyurethane‐modified EGaIn ink and activated by water‐bath ultrasound. The ink exhibits printing‐friendly rheological properties and surface energy, enabling high patterning‐precision printing (10 µm) while preserving excellent conductivity (1.6 × 106 S m−1). Benefiting from these improvements, the printed antenna achieves a large fractional bandwidth (75%), a high radiation efficiency (76.6%), and an exceptional ultimate strain (> 240%). For a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, the antenna enables a 50‐meter wireless communication, under the case of 240% stretching or conformally wrapped around a drone. This work provides an efficient and universal strategy for manufacturing stretchable antennas, with broad potential in advanced IoTs technologies. In summary, a universal EGaIn‐based DIW printing strategy is presented for fabricating wideband stretchable antennas. The printed antenna achieves an operating bandwidth of 3.75–8.21 GHz (fractional bandwidth: 75%), a peak gain of 1.8 dB and a radiation efficiency of 76.6%, surpassing state‐of‐the‐art stretchable antennas. More importantly, the antenna maintains stable wireless communication even under 240% strain and conformal wrapping.
Journal Article
Study on the Printability of Starch-Based Films Using Ink-Jet Printing
Starch-based films are a valuable alternative to plastic materials that are based on fossil and petrochemical raw resources. In this study, corn and potato starch films with 50% glycerol as a plasticizer were developed, and the properties of films were confirmed by mechanical properties, surface free energy, surface roughness, and, finally, color and gloss analyses. Next, the films were overprinted using ink-jet printing with quick response (QR) codes, text, and pictograms. Finally, the print quality of the obtained prints was determined by optical density, color parameters, and the visual evaluation of prints. In general, corn films exhibit lower values of mechanical parameters (tensile strength, elongation at break, and Young Modulus) and water transition rate (11.1 mg·cm−2·h−1) than potato starch film (12.2 mg·cm−2·h−1), and water solubility is 18.7 ± 1.4 and 20.3 ± 1.2% for corn and potato film, respectively. The results obtained for print quality on starch-based films were very promising. The overprinted QR codes were quickly readable by a smartphone. The sharpness and the quality of the lettering are worse on potato film. At the same time, higher optical densities were measured on potato starch films. The results of this study show the strong potential of using starch films as a modern printing substrate.
Journal Article