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Water-Based Bisub.2Ssub.3 Nano-Inks Obtained with Surfactant-Assisted Liquid Phase Exfoliation and Their Direct Processing into Thin Films
Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] has gained considerable attention as a semiconductor for its versatile functional properties, finding application across various fields, and liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) serves as a straightforward method to produce it in nano-form. Till now, the commonly used solvent for LPE has been N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which is expensive, toxic and has a high boiling point. These limitations drive the search for more sustainable alternatives, with water being a promising option. Nonetheless, surfactants are necessary for LPE in water due to the hydrophobic nature of Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3], and organic molecules with amphoteric characteristics are identified as suitable surfactants. However, systematic studies on the use of ionic surfactants in the LPE of Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] have remained scarce until now. In this work, we used sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium hexadecyl sulfonate (SHS) as representative species and we present a comprehensive investigation into their effects on the LPE of Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3]. Through characterizations of the resulting products, we find that all surfactants effectively exfoliate Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] into few-layer species. Notably, SDBS demonstrates superior stabilization of the 2D layers compared to the other surfactants, while SHS becomes the most promising surfactant for obtaining products with high yield. Moreover, the resulting nano-inks are used for fabricating films using spray-coating, reaching a fine tuning of band gap by controlling the number of cycles, and paving the way for the utilization of 2D Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] in optoelectronic devices.
Journal Article
Vat Photopolymerization of CeOsub.2-Incorporated Hydrogel Scaffolds with Antimicrobial Efficacy
We herein demonstrate the utility of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)–cerium oxide (CeO[sub.2]) hydrogel inks for manufacturing hydrogel scaffolds with antimicrobial efficacy by vat photopolymerization. For uniform blending with GelMA/PEGDA hydrogels, CeO[sub.2] nanoparticles with a round shape were synthesized by the precipitation method coupled with calculation at 600 °C. In addition, they had highly crystalline phases and the desired chemical structures (oxidation states of Ce[sup.3+] and Ce[sup.4+]) required for outstanding antimicrobial efficacy. A range of GelMA/PEGDA-CeO[sub.2] hydrogel scaffolds with different CeO[sub.2] contents (0% w/v, 0.1% w/v, 0.5% w/v, 1% w/v, and 5% w/v with respect to distilled water content) were manufactured. The photopolymerization behavior, mechanical properties, and biological properties (swelling and biodegradation behaviors) of hydrogel scaffolds were characterized to optimize the CeO[sub.2] content. GelMA/PEGDA-CeO[sub.2] hydrogel scaffolds produced with the highest CeO[sub.2] content (5% w/v) showed reasonable mechanical properties (compressive strength = 0.56 ± 0.09 MPa and compressive modulus = 0.19 ± 0.03 MPa), a high swelling ratio (1063.3 ± 10.9%), and the desired biodegradation rate (remaining weight after 28 days = 39.6 ± 2.3%). Furthermore, they showed outstanding antimicrobial efficacy (the number of colony-forming units = 76 ± 44.6 (×10[sup.3])). In addition, macroporous GelMA/PEGDA-CeO[sub.2] hydrogel scaffolds with tightly controlled porous structures could be manufactured by vat photopolymerization.
Journal Article
Preliminary Analysis of Printed Polypropylene Foils and Pigments After Thermal Treatment Using DSC and Ames Tests
In order to recycle plastic waste back to food contact materials (FCMs), it is necessary to identify hazardous substances in plastic packaging that pose a toxicological risk. Printing inks on plastics are not yet designed to withstand the high heat stress of mechanical recycling processes and therefore require hazard identification. In this study, virgin polypropylene (PP) foils were printed with different types of inks (UV-cured, water-based) and colour shades. Thermal analysis of printed foils and pigments was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Samples were then thermally treated below and above measured thermal events at 120 °C, 160 °C, 200 °C or 240 °C for 30 min. Subsequently, migration tests and miniaturised Ames tests were performed. Four out of thirteen printed foils and all three pigments showed positive results for mutagenicity in miniaturised Ames tests after thermal treatment at 240 °C. Additionally, pre-incubation Plate Ames tests (according to OECD 471) were performed on three pigments and one printed foil, yielding two positive results after thermal treatment at 240 °C. These results indicate that certain ink components form hazardous decomposition products when heated up to a temperature of 240 °C. However, further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the chemical processes that occur during high thermal treatment.
Journal Article
New Insights into the Surfactant-Assisted Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Bisub.2Ssub.3 for Electrocatalytic Applications
During water electrolysis, adding an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is necessary to reduce the activation barrier and thus enhance the reaction rate. Metal chalcogenide-based 2D nanomaterials have been studied as an alternative to noble metal electrocatalysts because of their interesting electrocatalytic properties and low costs of production. However, the difficulty in improving the catalytic efficiency and industrializing the synthetic methods have become a problem in the potential application of these species in electrocatalysis. Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) is a low-cost and scalable technique for lab- and industrial-scale synthesis of 2D-material colloidal inks. In this work, we present, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time a systematic study on the surfactant-assisted LPE of bulk Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] crystalline powder to produce nanosheets (NSs). Different dispersing agents and LPE conditions have been tested in order to obtain colloidal low-dimensional Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] NSs in H[sub.2]O at optimized concentrations. Eventually, colloidally stable layered nano-sized Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] suspensions can be produced with yields of up to ~12.5%. The thus obtained low-dimensional Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] is proven to be more active for HER than the bulk starting material, showing an overpotential of only 235 mV and an optimized Tafel slope of 125 mV/dec. Our results provide a facile top-down method to produce nano-sized Bi[sub.2]S[sub.3] through a green approach and demonstrate that this material can have a good potential as electrocatalyst for HER.
Journal Article
The Life-Giving Efficacy of Beauty and Desire in Stoppard's Drama
In Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1967), Arcadia (1993), and Indian Ink (1995), the playwright Tom Stoppard poses existential questions about the inevitability of both cosmic and individual disintegration and death. However, as characters from Arcadia and Indian Ink engage in romantic encounters and acts of aesthetic creation driven by desire, they interrupt the cyclical inevitability of death embodied in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , and they oppose entropic disintegration by instigating encounters with beauty and desire that lead to reconciliation over time. This generative impulse of love and desire parallels Elaine Scarry's assertion in On Beauty and Being Just that encounters with beauty and desire are fundamentally life-giving.
Journal Article
Unveiling maritime trading practices: microprovenance analysis of Dehua-style porcelain from the Nanhai I shipwreck
Identification of the origins of maritime-traded porcelain, though key to unravelling ancient production and trade dynamics, remains challenging. The authors present a pioneering micro-provenance analysis of Dehua-style porcelain from the late-twelfth-century Nanhai I shipwreck, recovered from the South China Sea. By pinpointing the origins of porcelain subtypes, including those bearing ink inscriptions, this study provides greater nuance in understanding spatial patterns of production and the impact of buyer/seller choice in maritime trade. The findings further highlight the effectiveness of portable x-ray fluorescence as a high-precision provenancing analysis and offer insights into porcelain production timelines in south-east China.
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