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After Brown
The United States Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision,Brown v. Board of Education, set into motion a process of desegregation that would eventually transform American public schools. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of howBrown's most visible effect--contact between students of different racial groups--has changed over the fifty years since the decision.
Using both published and unpublished data on school enrollments from across the country, Charles Clotfelter uses measures of interracial contact, racial isolation, and segregation to chronicle the changes. He goes beyond previous studies by drawing on heretofore unanalyzed enrollment data covering the first decade afterBrown, calculating segregation for metropolitan areas rather than just school districts, accounting for private schools, presenting recent information on segregation within schools, and measuring segregation in college enrollment.
Two main conclusions emerge. First, interracial contact in American schools and colleges increased markedly over the period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the previously segregated South. Second, despite this change, four main factors prevented even larger increases: white reluctance to accept racially mixed schools, the multiplicity of options for avoiding such schools, the willingness of local officials to accommodate the wishes of reluctant whites, and the eventual loss of will on the part of those who had been the strongest protagonists in the push for desegregation. Thus decreases in segregation within districts were partially offset by growing disparities between districts and by selected increases in private school enrollment.
eBook
US State Statutes Banning Powdered Alcohol: Exceptions and Penalties
To examine state statutes banning powdered alcohol, we identified relevant statutes in all 50 states and the District of Columbia through a search (initial search March 2016; follow-up search November 2016) using the legal research database LexisNexis. To identify the laws, we used the following search terms: “concentrated alcohol,” “crystalline alcohol,” “granulated alcohol,” “palcohol,” and “powdered alcohol.” As of November 2016, 31 states had statutory bans on powdered alcohol. Statutes in 22 states outline penalties for violating the state’s ban on powdered alcohol. Five states include suspension and revocation of alcohol beverage licenses and permits among the penalties. Thirteen states provide exceptions to their ban on powdered alcohol for bona fide scientific research. Twelve states have exceptions for powdered alcohol designed for commercial use or not intended for human consumption. With concerns expressed that powdered alcohol may lead to greater alcohol consumption, particularly among minors, the majority of state legislatures have demonstrated their willingness to restrict access to novel alcohol products to protect the public’s health. However, the effectiveness of these laws should be evaluated if the product does become available.
Journal Article
Knowledge of the health care law as an issue in teacher education
The major focus of our study was to determine how the political affiliations of our teacher education students related to their knowledge of the content and probable effects of the Affordable Care Act, henceforth referred to in this article as the Health Care Law. [...]students would then combine the evidence for the two views and attempt to integrate that information into a supportable composite view. (n.d.) reported that a college education is significantly related to support for the Health Care Law, college educators cannot assume that a liberal arts education will be sufficient for students to acquire valid and complete information regarding the specifics of the Health Care Law. According to a Kaiser Public Opinion poll released in February of 2011, the distribution of scores on the quiz was relatively normal: 56% of the respondents scored between 4 and 6 on the instrument; 25% scored 7 or above; and 20% scored 3 or less.
Journal Article
Patent and License Pearls and Pitfalls for Taking an Idea to the Marketplace
Technology transfer is the process by which novel ideas at academic institutions emanating from research supported by public and private funds are transferred to the private sector for developing marketable products for public use and benefit. Because the primary mission of universities is education and research, technology transfer in an academic environment introduces many challenges. This field is new to most faculty members and is seldom a core mission of their academic careers. The process is also new and unfamiliar to most university administrators. However, universities are increasingly challenged to demonstrate how their research with public funds translates into public benefit. Technology transfer by universities has taken on a new dimension with a focus first on protecting the intellectual property emanating from academic research, then finding means to develop and commercialize such intellectual property for launching new products in the market for public use and benefit. The Bayh-Dole Act enacted in 1980 (Public Law 96-517) allowed universities to elect to retain title to inventions arising from their federally funded research and to grant licenses to the patents, copyrights, or trademarks deriving from these inventions. Universities are allowed to retain the royalties and to share them with the inventors. This article presents the perspectives of technology transfer professionals, specifically, what technology transfer offices do or can do to assist researchers with commercialization of the novel ideas in biomedical research. It also provides a list of successful therapeutics that stemmed from academic research. In conclusion, reference is made to some of the challenges of technology transfer.
Journal Article
Private education : studies in choice and public policy
Emphasizing the relationship between private choices and public education as they affect the division of labor between public and private non-profit schools, colleges, and universities, contributors to this book focus on the relationship between private and public education in a comparative context.
eBook
The Political Science Discipline in Argentina: The Political Scientist's National Association's Role
It is very difficult to date the birth of political science in Argentina. Unlike other discipline of the social sciences, in Argentina the first distinction can be made between political thought on the one hand, and political science in another. The debate over political thought—as the reflection of different political questions—emerged in our country in the nineteenth century, especially during the process of constructing the Argentine nation-state. Conversely, political science is defined in a general way as the application of the scientific method to the studies on the power of the state (Fernández 2001).
Journal Article
How AP African American Studies Works in a State That Limits Teaching About Race
Henry Clay High School in Lexington, Ky., is offering the final pilot year of the course before it officially launches this fall.
Journal Article
When You Reach a Fork in the Road, Take it: Science and Product Development as Linked Paths
Increasingly, health is recognized as a major force for economic development; and because economic development is central to political and social stability, health is being looked at as the great hope for the future of the world, as population sizes and disparities among them increase. This perspective has been growing ever since the 1993 World Development Report was released by the World Bank, and it has fueled an intensive scrutiny of health care around the world, focusing on systems and health care delivery on the one hand, and equitable access to the products of research on the other hand. In the middle of all of is this is a concern about how health care (which must include both the training of personnel from the basic low level health care worker to the physician), and research and development (which must include the financing of research in academia and the development of products primarily in the private sector) are organized, and how they do or do not address inequities between and within populations and nations.
Journal Article