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This article investigates the internal governance institutions of violent criminal enterprise by examining the law, economics, and organization of pirates. To effectively organize their banditry, pirates required mechanisms to prevent internal predation, minimize crew conflict, and maximize piratical profit. Pirates devised two institutions for this purpose. First, I analyze the system of piratical checks and balances crews used to constrain captain predation. Second, I examine how pirates used democratic constitutions to minimize conflict and create piratical law and order. Pirate governance created sufficient order and cooperation to make pirates one of the most sophisticated and successful criminal organizations in history.

The heterogeneity, mobility and complexity of glycans in glycoproteins have been, and currently remain, significant challenges in structural biology. These aspects present unique problems to the two most prolific techniques: X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. At the same time, advances in mass spectrometry have made it possible to get deeper insights on precisely the information that is most difficult to recover by structure solution methods: the full-length glycan composition, including linkage details for the glycosidic bonds. The developments have given rise to glycomics. Thankfully, several large scale glycomics initiatives have stored results in publicly available databases, some of which can be accessed through API interfaces. In the present work, we will describe how the Privateer carbohydrate structure validation software has been extended to harness results from glycomics projects, and its use to greatly improve the validation of 3D glycoprotein structures.

Today’s Russia focuses much of its political and military efforts on the Arctic area. Natural resources and new communication routes also attract international enterprises and other powers to the North. The Norwegians were already active on the Arctic shores during the Viking Age, but the Muscovites did not become interested in the area until after the early 16th century. Soon after, Western Europeans, such as Dutch and English sailors interested in connections to India and Central Asia via Russia’s rivers, arrived on the Arctic shores, too. This activity enticed new people to colonize the region and run various kinds of business there, which in turn sparked the interest of the rising premodern state powers to collect taxes and control the area. The Muscovite Tsar succeeded in establishing his power in the main area of the Arctic coast in the 17th century, although the state border between Russia and Norway was not fixed until 1826. The Muscovite conquest took place through casual arrangements and private actions. Amongst other things, the religious mission and its legitimation were important. Saint Trifon Pechengskiy was the key figure of the Muscovite operations not only during his lifetime in the 16th century, but also thereafter in the rhetorics of fatherlandish historiography.

Maritime predation in the Caribbean experienced an important transition during the mid-seventeenth century, in which Jamaica played an unexpected role. Initially, seaborne raiding against Spanish targets originated in Europe, relying lightly if at all on local resources, whether material or human; raids arising in the West Indies region itself were a later phenomenon, one that was dependent on a growing resident population of Europeans and the creation of a pool of potential pirates. Scholars have assumed that local communities of raiders existed from the arrival of the first Europeans, making it plausible that the commander of the English forces on Jamaica could write to buccaneers on Tortuga in the 1650s to invite them to move their base of operations to that newly conquered island. That he did not do so, and indeed could not have done so, becomes clear with a closer examination of the relevant sources. This article offers a new interpretation of the rise of Caribbean piracy, one grounded in the material conditions necessary to sustain such activities.

We model \"patent privateering\"—whereby producing firms sell patents to Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs), which then license them under the threat of litigation—in a bargaining game. PAEs can negotiate higher licensing fees than producing firms because they cannot be countersued for infringement. Privateering produces two countervailing effects: it increases the offensive value of patents, whereas it decreases their defensive value and lowers the aggregate surplus of producing firms. Embedding the bargaining game into a Research and Development (R&D) contest for multiple complementary technologies, we find that privateering may increase R&D investments, even as it induces more litigation threats and reduces industry profits.

Objetivo: analizar el papel de los corsarios en la construcción y defensa de la república de Colombia como piezas clave en la territorialización marítima entre 1821 y 1828. Con este fin, se estudia la relación de los corsarios con el Estado colombiano, el funcionamiento del corso como una empresa económica, su vinculación sociolaboral con los puertos, y su utilidad para mantener la soberanía. Metodología: estas facetas del corso se analizan a través de la correspondencia de la Secretaría de Marina de Colombia y los registros de corso de los departamentos de marina que allí se encuentran. Originalidad: la historiografía ha abordado tradicionalmente a los corsarios en el siglo XVII. Investigaciones recientes han hecho mayor énfasis en el periodo denominado de las restauraciones (1808-1821) donde los corsarios sirvieron como aliados de los insurgentes en el continente americano. El presente análisis busca poner en diálogo una historiografía caribeña con fuentes locales para evidenciar las estructuras económicas y políticas que promovieron el corso en el primer periodo republicano de Colombia, es decir, vinculado a la construcción de su soberanía. Conclusiones: este estudio muestra que los corsarios jugaron un papel central en la creación del territorio nacional y sus fronteras marítimas, vinculándose, a su vez, con el Caribe y el Atlántico. Objective: To analyze the role of privateers in the construction and defense of the Republic of Colombia as key pieces in maritime territorialization between 1821 and 1828. To this end, we study the relationship between privateers and the Colombian State, the functioning of privateering as an economic enterprise, its socio-labor connection with ports, and its usefulness in maintaining sovereignty. Methodology: These aspects of privateering are analyzed through the correspondence of the Colombian Navy Secretariat and the privateering records of the naval departments found there. Originality: Historiography has traditionally addressed privateers in the 17th century. Recent research has placed greater emphasis on the period known as the restorations (1808-1821), during which privateers served as allies of the insurgents in the Americas. This analysis seeks to put in dialogue Caribbean historiography with local sources to highlight the economic and political structures that promoted privateering in Colombia’s first republican period, that is, linked to the construction of its sovereignty. Conclusions: This study shows that privateers played a central role in the creation of national territory and its maritime borders, while also being connected to the Caribbean and the Atlantic. Objetivo: analisar o papel dos corsários na construção e defesa da República da Colômbia como atores-chave na territorialização marítima entre 1821 e 1828. Para isso, estuda-se a relação dos corsários com o Estado colombiano, o funcionamento do corso como uma empresa econômica, sua conexão sociolaboral com os portos e sua utilidade para manter a soberania. Metodologia: essas facetas do corso são analisadas por meio da correspondência da Secretaria da Marinha da Colômbia e dos registros de corso dos departamentos navais ali encontrados. Originalidade: a historiografia tradicionalmente abordou os corsários no século XVII. Pesquisas recentes têm enfatizado mais o período denominado das restaurações (1808-1821), quando os corsários serviram como aliados dos insurgentes no continente americano. Esta análise busca colocar em diálogo uma historiografia caribenha com fontes locais para evidenciar as estruturas econômicas e políticas que promoveram o corso no primeiro período republicano da Colômbia, ou seja, vinculado à construção de sua soberania. Conclusões: este estudo mostra que os corsários desempenharam um papel central na criação do território nacional e de suas fronteiras marítimas, ao mesmo tempo em que estavam conectados ao Caribe e ao Atlântico.

El presente articulo analiza la participación de las mujeres en la “defensa del reino”, tarea masculina por antonomasia. Se estudia el rol ejercido por cuatro mujeres, (Catalina de Erauso, Paula Piraldo, la condesa de Lemos Ana de Borja, y la reina regente Mariana de Austria), ante tres episodios de incursiones en el virreinato peruano protagonizadas por el corsario neerlandés Joris van Spilbergen y pirata galés Henry Morgan en el siglo XVII. Para ello recurriremos a documentos de archivos españoles, así como a estudios relativos a estos sucesos.

A year later, English ships captured a slave ship of the coast of Honduras.4 It was in this context that two English privateers set out in 1619 to attack Spanish shipping. Because of the formal truce between Britain and Spain, they did not get their letters of Marque (license to capture enemy shipping) from England. Since the fifteenth century, Portugal had a monopoly on the slave trade from Africa. Antonio Fernandes d'Elvas won the Asiento in 1615, and he then obtained the contract for the Angolan trade. [...]all slaves legally shipped to Spanish colonies would come from Angola.6 The Portuguese colony of Angola, established in 1575, was based on a charter from the king of Portugal given to Paulo Dias de Nováis, grandson of the famous explorer Bartolomeu Dias. In addition to concentrating people directly by warfare, the kings of Ndongo also demanded about a dozen slaves each year from its several hundred local political leaders, called sobas.7 The people who were captured in war were enslaved-and called mubika (plural abikd), a word derived from a term that means subordinate or under someone's rule-and could be sold.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to theorize the social role of management systems and their political connections using ANTi-History. In so doing, it engages with academic conversations around the writing of business history. The paper focuses on subjective experience in the context of colonial privateers and the vice-admiralty court in the Napoleonic Wars era. Design/methodology/approach ANTi-History is proposed as a theoretical lens to examine the entrepreneurial work of privateers. ANTi-History destabilizes the idea of history as a dominant account of the past and is interested in controversies as to how history is produced. This paper also brings-in Bourdieu’s notion of officialization because historical knowledge is situated in official practices that conceal translations and political strategies that enable actor-networks to act as one. Findings The controls of the vice-admiralty court not only perpetuated the inherited British class system, but also created versions of reality that came to be accepted as recorded history. This shows that the rules and regulations of the court were not neutral accounting activities. The systems constituted the identity of actors and produced privateer history as a modernist knowledge of the past and officialized by western, white, male, elites. Originality/value The “historic turn” in management and organization studies has not been fully realized more than a decade after its introduction. This paper engages with the historic turn by providing a specific exemplar of history as applied to officialized accounts of colonial privateers. Using ANTi-History as a methodological approach also makes a contribution by promoting it beyond a prolonged descriptive phase.