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The face of privatization in Pakistan
Through exploratory and empirical analysis, and examination of key privatization cases, readers gain valuable insights into the real-world outcomes of privatization efforts in Pakistan. This book will be of interest to scholars of Asian economics, development economics and the future of the Eurasian region.
BOOK
Environmental Sustainability Impacts of Solid Waste Management Practices in the Global South
Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the key responsibilities of city administrators and one of the effective proxies for good governance. Effective SWM mitigates adverse health and environmental impacts, conserves resources, and improves the livability of cities. However, unsustainable SWM practices, exacerbated by rapid urbanization and financial and institutional limitations, negatively impact public health and environmental sustainability. This review article assesses the human and environmental health impacts of SWM practices in the Global South cities that are the future of global urbanization. The study employs desktop research methodology based on in-depth analysis of secondary data and literature, including official documents and published articles. It finds that the commonplace SWM practices include mixing household and commercial garbage with hazardous waste during storage and handling. While waste storage is largely in old or poorly managed facilities such as storage containers, the transportation system is often deficient and informal. The disposal methods are predominantly via uncontrolled dumping, open-air incinerators, and landfills. The negative impacts of such practices include air and water pollution, land degradation, emissions of methane and hazardous leachate, and climate change. These impacts impose significant environmental and public health costs on residents with marginalized social groups mostly affected. The paper concludes with recommendations for mitigating the public and environmental health risks associated with the existing SWM practices in the Global South.
Journal Article
Public sector enterprises (PSEs) in post-privatization: Evidence from Pakistan
Privatization of public-sector enterprises (PSEs) has generated billions of dollars to support fiscal and macroeconomic imbalances in several developing countries. A limited literature evaluates the recent privatization program impacts on the PSEs. This study empirically investigated the privatization impact on the performance and efficiency of the firms in post-privatization period in Pakistan. Firm-level data are used to evaluate the privatization effects on performance and efficiency of the privatized PSEs. We use difference-in-difference approach that exploits within-firm variation in the outcome variables over time. The regression results show that the performance of only few firms improved while it remains negative or insignificant largely. The efficiency of the firms is also not improved significantly in post-privatization period.
Journal Article
Impact of service quality, corporate image and customer satisfaction towards customers’ perceived value in the banking sector in Pakistan
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of services quality, customer satisfaction and corporate image on customer perceived value in the banking sector of Pakistan.
Design/methodology/approach
– A model is developed to show the relationship between dependent and independent variables taken from the existing literature. The data are collected from 200 respondents taken from the five major cities of Pakistan using structured questionnaire. Correlation and regression are applied to estimate the relationship between variables and find out the extent to which the independent variables have impact on the dependent variable.
Findings
– Results show that there is a positive relation between the service quality, customer satisfaction and corporate image. It is also analyzed by the results that service quality and customer satisfaction have high impact on the customer perceived value where corporate image also effect the customer perceived value.
Originality/value
– This paper identified the impact of service quality, customer satisfaction and corporate image on the customer perceived value that helps the services sector especially banks how they can improve the customer perceived value through improving their service quality, customer satisfaction and corporate image.
Journal Article
Partnerships and the Good-Governance Agenda: Improving Service Delivery Through State-NGO Collaborations
First under the Millennium Development Goals and now under the Sustainable Development Goals, partnerships for development, especially between state and NGOs, remain a valued goal. Partnerships are argued to improve provision of basic social services to the poor: the state is viewed as providing scale, with NGOs ensuring good governance. Close study of three leading partnership arrangements in Pakistan (privatization of basic health units, an 'adopt a school' program, and low-cost sanitation) shows how state-NGO collaborations can indeed improve service delivery; however, few of these collaborations are capable of evolving into embedded partnerships that can bring about positive changes in government working practices on a sustainable basis. In most cases, public servants tolerate, rather than welcome, NGO interventions, due to political or donor pressure. Embedded partnerships require ideal-type commitment on the part of the NGO leadership, which most donor-funded NGOs fail to demonstrate. For effective planning, it is important to differentiate the benefits and limitations of routine co-production arrangements from those of embedded partnerships.
Journal Article
The political economy of women's entrepreneurship initiatives in Pakistan: reflections on gender, class, and \development\
This article presents a critical feminist political economy of women's entrepreneurship promotion in Pakistan. Women's entrepreneurship is the new development mantra that has captured the imagination of global institutions, policymakers, business organizations, and academia alike. We argue in this article that this focus on entrepreneurship should be located, on one hand, within the gendered political economy of Pakistan, and on the other hand, as part of the broader project of transnational business feminism, which works to frame gender equality as \"smart economics\" and as compatible with the neoliberal agenda of privatization, deregulation, and financialization. Drawing on primary research conducted on a women's entrepreneurship training program in Pakistan, this article goes on to evidence how one such program is designed and delivered and critically interrogates the impacts of this program on those it is supposed to empower. The findings of our research point to tensions between the global discourses that explicitly inform projects like the one we study and the implementation of programs in specific local contexts, troubling the assertion that there is a smooth equation between entrepreneurship, economic growth, and women's empowerment.
Journal Article
Antecedents of big data analytics (BDA) adoption in private firms: a sequential explanatory approach
Purpose
This study aims to examine the key antecedents influencing the private firm’s intention to adopt big data analytics (BDA) in developing economies. To do so, the study follows the sequential explanatory approach.
Design/methodology/approach
To test the hypothesized model that draws on the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework paired with the diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory, a purposive sampling technique was applied to gather data from 156 IT and management domain experts from the private firms that intend to adopt BDA and operate in Pakistan’s service industry, including telecommunication, information technology, agriculture, and e-commerce. The data were analysed using the partial least squares structural equations modelling (PLS-SEM) technique and complemented with qualitative analysis of 10 semi-structured interviews in NVIVO 12 based on grounded theory.
Findings
The empirical findings revealed that the two constructs – perceived benefits and top management support – are the powerful drivers of a firm’s intention to adopt BDA in the private sector, whereas IT infrastructure, data quality, technological complexity and financial readiness, along with the moderators, BDA adoption of competitors and government policy and regulation, do not significantly influence the intention. In addition, the qualitative analysis validates and further complements the SEM findings.
Originality/value
Unlike the previous studies on technology adoption, this study proposed a unique research model with contextualized indicators to measure the constructs relevant to private firms, based on the TOE framework and DOI theory, to investigate the causal relationship between drivers and intention. Furthermore, the findings of PLS-SEM were complemented by qualitative analysis to validate the causation. The findings of this study have both theoretical and practical implications.
Journal Article
A study on high performance organization framework and organization performance: lens of dynamic capability theory
Drawing upon dynamic capability theory, this article tested high performance organization (HPO) framework with relation to organizations’ performance and explore causes of tested results in public sector of Pakistan. An explanatory sequential mix method was applied whereby the partial least square structural equation modeling method was used to test the direct effect of the HPO framework on organizations’ performance while qualitative method was used to explore causes of poor factors resulted from HPO framework. The results show that the HPO Framework is valid for PSOs. However, this study found weak predictive relevance and small effect size of HPO framework in public organizations. The overwhelming and compelling causes identified are mechanistic structure, lack of commitment and resources, and lack of ethical and visionary leadership in qualitative strand of the study. This study has several contributions; firstly, it explains whether HPO framework is valid to be applied in public organizations, secondly, this study answer question: how five factors criteria of HPO framework influence public organization performance? Thirdly, this study explains HPO framework application to improve organization status from low performance to high performance through ethical and visionary leadership under the lens of dynamic capability theory. This study provides a clue for public managers of developing countries to produce models of high performance and to generate new ideas and information to realize the power of high performance. High performance factors and models will promote sustainable performance of organizations which will benefit employees, organizations and society overall.This study examines HPO framework application to improve public organization status from low performance to high performance through ethical and visionary leadership under the lens of dynamic capability theory. This study provides a clue for public managers of developing countries to produce models of high performance and to generate new ideas and information to realize the power of high performance. High performance factors and models will promote sustainable performance of organizations which will benefit employees, organizations and society overall.
Journal Article
Is the IMF a Primary, Direct Perpetrator of Human Rights Violations? Evidence from Sri Lanka, Pakistan and South Korea
Using the experiences from three countries—Sri Lanka, Pakistan and South Korea—this article argues that the IMF’s ‘debt formula’ applied across countries (despite mounting evidence of its adverse impact on human rights, and systemic gender inequality) has had multi-generational consequences—with the harm done repeatedly, with no reparations. This article is an intentional attempt to provoke discussions and encourage readers to rethink and expand the scope of what may constitute international crimes and who is accountable. It also invites feedback from and collaboration with the readers in an effort to strengthen normative arguments to make international criminal law applicable to economic and financial crimes.
Journal Article
Moderating role of cynicism about organizational change between authentic leadership and commitment to change in Pakistani public sector hospitals
Purpose
This study aims to explore the moderating role of cynicism about change in the positive relationship between authentic leadership and employee commitment to change.
Design/methodology/approach
This study used an exploratory research design with deductive approach to invite responses of doctors, nurses and para medical staff of public sector district hospitals, set to be privatized, on structured close-ended questionnaires. Data gathered from four hospitals chosen because they were undergoing restructuring that facilitated the testing of our propositions were analyzed through structural equation modeling using AMOS. A total of 271 usable responses (response rate of 65 per cent) were analyzed. Interaction and simple slope tests were applied to test moderating effects.
Findings
Results indicate that authentic leadership is positively related to commitment to change. Cynicism about change moderated this positive relationship such that a high level of authentic leadership has a stronger impact on commitment to change when cynicism is low rather than when cynicism is high.
Practical implications
Results show that in Pakistani hospitals undergoing restructuring, leaders who use authentic leadership will have followers who are more committed to enacting the planned changes, but this effect is magnified if followers are not cynical about the change. Thus, regulators of public sector hospitals may benefit from this study by developing authenticity in hospital leaders to mitigate cynicism about and enhance their commitment to change.
Originality/value
This study is the first which has explored relationships among cynicism about change, authentic leadership and commitment to change in a privatization context of Pakistan. Findings should be tested in other cultural contexts to determine generalizability.
Journal Article