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Background The aim of this study is to compare the torsional resistance of the available ProTaper rotary systems, namely, ProTaper Universal (PTU), ProTaper Next (PTN), and ProTaper Gold (PTG). Methods A total of 195 files from the three systems distributed into 13 groups (PTU-S1, PTU-S2, PTU-F1, PTU-F2, PTU-F3, PTG-S1, PTG-S2, PTG-F1, PTG-F2, PTG-F3, PTN-X1, PTN-X2 and PTN-X3) were subjected to torsional fatigue until failure. The torsional test was performed according to ISO 3630-1, where each file was placed in a straight position to eliminate the influence of cyclic fatigue. The Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted to compare the mean maximum torques and angular deflections at fracture for the groups, and the Mann–Whitney test was performed for pairwise comparisons. The significance level was set at 0.05 and the fractured surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Result Among the tested files, PTG-S1 had the lowest torsional fatigue resistance, whereas PTU-F2 and PTU-F3 had the highest torsional resistance. The scanning electron microscope showed typical features of torsional failure. Conclusion The new ProTaper systems (PTG and PTN) did not show improved torsional resistance in comparison with PTU.

Aim: The aim of this systematic analysis was to assess the prevalence of dentinal microcracks at various levels (3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex) after using instruments made with conventional, R-Phase, and M-Wire NiTi alloys and the SAF system. Materials and Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in the databases Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. To arrange search methods, “MeSH” terms and/or keywords typically associated with the subject were paired with the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR.” Additional searches were conducted on the websites of four separate endodontic journals. After reading the titles and excluding duplicates, 1000 of the 1343 documents originally found were eliminated. Upon reviewing the abstracts, 310 of the remaining 343 experiments were also eliminated. Based on qualifying requirements, only 13 of the remaining 33 articles were included in the qualitative review. Results: All systems triggered dentinal microcracks; however, when chemo-mechanical preparation was performed using Self-Adjusting File (SAF) and systems manufactured with R-phase technology—K3XF and Twisted File Adaptive (TFA)—less of these defects were found when compared to those manufactured with traditional NiTi—ProTaper Universal and Mtwo—and with M-Wire—ProTaper Next, Reciproc, and WaveOne. Conclusions: A lower prevalence of dentinal microcracks was observed after using SAF and endodontic systems manufactured with R-phase.

Background. The main goal of our study was to assess the volume of dentin removed and transportation in root canals using ProTaper Universal (PTU), ProTaper Gold (PTG) and One-Curve (OC). Ni-Ti rotary instruments in extracted human teeth using by micro-CT. Methods: Thirty human upper 1st premolar teeth with two separate root canals and sturdy, mature root tips were used in the present study. Specimens were decoronated and root length was standardized for micro CT scanning before root canal preparation done. The teeth were randomly separated into three categories (n = 10) according to the rotary NiTi system used for canal instrumentation, i.e., PTU (Dentsply, Maillefer), PTG (Dentsply, Maillefer), and OC (Micro-Mega SA). After root canal preparation, samples were scanned again on micro-CT by the same scanning parameters. Surface area, canal volume, structure model index (SMI), percentage of uninstrumented area and transportation parameters were obtained for each sample before and after micro-CT analyse. Results: No significant differences between the PTG and PTU in terms of the total volume of removed dentin, surface area and percentage of uninstrumented areas were found. However, regarding to parameters above, OC showed a lower efficacy than PTG and PTU in coronal section. Regarding canal transportation, PTG and OC showed lower mean transportation values at all levels. Conclusion: This paper demonstrated the root canal shaping abilities of the PTU, PTG, and OC NiTi file systems. The PTG and OC systems were associated less canal transportation and a better ability to preserve dentinal walls than PTU. There was no significance different between all rotary file systems for SMI values however, PTU and PTG showed greater canal volume and surface area change than OC file systems in coronal section.

Background. This research aimed to investigate and compare the amount of apically extruded debris after root canal preparation using ProTaper Next, ProTaper Gold, and TruNatomy systems. Methods. Forty-five extracted mandibular premolar teeth with single canals with similar lengths were used. The root canals were prepared using ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), ProTaper Gold (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), or TruNatomy (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) files. Apically extruded debris during preparation was gathered into preweighed Eppendorf tubes. Then the Eppendorf tubes were incubated at 70°C for five days. The Eppendorf tubes were weighed again to determine their final weight plus the extruded debris. Results. The TRN system resulted in significantly less debris extrusion than the PTN system (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the PTN and PTG groups and between the PTG and TRN groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. All the instrumentation systems caused apical extrusion of debris. However, the TRN system resulted in significantly less debris extrusion than the other systems.

Background/Objectives: Root canal instrumentation has a crucial role in the success of endodontic treatment. However, management of curved root canals remains a challenge. This study aimed to compare the performance of four rotatory file systems, ProTaper Next, TruNatomy, ProTaper Ultimate and Race Evo, in terms of wear, transportation and centering capacity, in curved root canals. Methods: A total of 150 human tooth roots were selected, divided based on the degree of curvature, and then distributed into four experimental groups according to the rotary system used. Cone beam computed tomography images were obtained before and after instrumentation, and values were measured with ImageJ software. Results: Regarding root canal wear, the TruNatomy system displayed the lowest wear values, and the Race Evo system showed a tendency for greater wear. For transportation, TruNatomy and Race Evo had the lowest transportation, indicating a higher respect for the root canal’s original anatomy. For centering ability, Race Evo and ProTaper Ultimate displayed values closer to perfect centering compared to other systems. Conclusions: Overall, TruNatomy was confirmed as a more conservative system, Race Evo with a tendency for greater wear even though with a higher respect for root canal original anatomy. Race Evo and ProTaper Ultimate showed better centering ability.

Objectives Root canal preparation can lead to cracks on the roots by creating stresses on the root canal walls, which decreases the fracture resistance of the tooth. The present study compared the fracture resistance of the teeth prepared by the ProTaper Universal (PTU), ProTaper Next (PTN), and ProTaper Gold (PTG) rotary file systems. Materials and Methods Fifty‐six single‐canal premolar teeth were sectioned 14 mm from the root apex. The roots were standardized based on the buccolingual and mesiodistal diameter and randomly assigned to three experimental (n = 14) and one control group (n = 14). The teeth in three experimental groups were instrumented with PTU, PTN, and PTG rotary files. The roots in the control group were not instrumented. A vertical force was applied to each root in a universal testing machine until the root fractured. The data were statistically analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance. Results There was no significant difference in the fracture resistance of the teeth between the control, PTU, PTN, and PTG groups (p = .115). Conclusions Root canal preparation with ProTaper files manufactured with conventional NiTi (PTU) and heat‐treated alloys (PTN and PTG) did not affect the fracture resistance of teeth.

This study aimed to examine how downward loads influence the torque/force and shaping outcome of ProTaper NEXT (PTN) rotary instrumentation. PTN X1, X2, and X3 were used to prepare J-shaped resin canals employing a load-controlled automated instrumentation and torque/force measuring device. Depending on the torque values, the handpiece was programmed to move as follows: up and down; downward at a preset downward load of 1 N, 2 N or 3 N (Group 1N, 2N, and 3N, respectively; each n = 10); or upward. The torque/force values and instrumentation time were recorded, and the canal centering ratio was calculated. The results were analyzed using a two-way or one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). At the apex level, Group 3N exhibited the least canal deviation among the three groups (p < 0.05). The downward force was Group 3N > Group 2N > Group 1N (p < 0.05). The upward force, representing the screw-in force, was Group 3N > Group 1N (p < 0.05). The total instrumentation time was Group 1N > Group 3N (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increasing the downward load during PTN rotary instrumentation improved the canal centering ability, reduced the instrumentation time, and increased the upward force.

To compare and evaluate the effect of ProTaper Ultimate root canal instrumentation on postoperative pain level of mandibular first molars showing symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis. Forty patients referred to root canal treatment of the mandibular first molar were randomly divided into two equal groups according to the rotary file system used in the chemomechanical preparation: ProTaper Ultimate (  = 20) and ProTaper Gold (  = 20). After evaluating the preoperative pain score using the visual analog scale, the root canal treatment was performed in a single visit using a standardized protocol by a single operator. Postoperatively, the pain scores were recorded at 24-, 72-h, and 7-day intervals. Statistical analysis was performed at a significance of 0.05. No significant difference was shown between the ProTaper Ultimate and the ProTaper Gold groups in the intensity of postoperative pain at all time intervals. The postoperative pain score was zero at 7 days postoperatively for both groups. The ProTaper Ultimate files' effect on postoperative pain is equivalent to that of the ProTaper Gold files. The ProTaper Ultimate files' effect on postoperative pain is equivalent to that of the ProTaper Gold files. ProTaper Ultimate and ProTaper Gold rotary file systems can be equally and safely used in single-visit root canal treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05747183.

Objective: To assess the extruded debris apically by the ProTaper Ultimate rotary nickel-titanium files compared to the ProTaper Gold files on preparing the mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars.Methods: Thirty mandibular molars with mesial canals showing Vertucci Type-IV configuration and curvatures ranging between 20° to 40° were selected and divided into two groups per the rotary files used for root canal shaping (n=15). Myers and Montgomery’s methodology was adopted for the collection of debris. The average weight of the collected dried debris was recorded and statistically analyzed using the independent t-test at a significance level of (p

The objective of this study aimed to assess the cyclic fatigue fracture of ZenFlexTM, ProTaper GoldTM, and HyFlexTM. EDM rotary files in simulated curved canals, along with evaluating their physicochemical properties and thermal behavior. A total of 69 instruments from three different NiTi rotary file systems were utilized: ProTaper GoldTM (08/25), HyflexTM EDM (08/25), and ZenflexTM (06/25). The analysis consisted of four phases: Phase 1 involved SEM observation to detect manufacturing defects; Phase 2 focused on cyclic fatigue-induced fracture in a curved canal with a 60° radius of curvature of 2 mm and a diameter of 1.5 mm; Phase 3 encompassed SEM observation of the fractured fragment and obtaining a fractographic study; Phase 4 included physicochemical characterization, such as equiatomic relationships by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), phase transformation by DSC, crystalline structure by X-ray diffraction, and morphological analysis by SEM.  Microcracks and defects were observed on cutting edges of ZenFlexTM and ProTaper GoldTM files. The mean cycles to fracture were 2814.50±161.58, 2649.94±120.93, and 1362.89±88.33 for HyFlexTM, ZenFlexTM, and ProTaper GoldTM, respectively. Moreover, different phase transition temperatures were noted, with ZenFlexTM in the austenite phase, ProTaper GoldTM in martensite, and HyFlexTM in the R phase at room temperature, as corroborated by X-ray diffraction. Additionally, a quasi-equimolar relationship was observed for the different systems, with ZenFlexTM exhibiting a reduced helical angle, followed by HyFlexTM and ProTaper GoldTM. ZenFlexTM files demonstrated greater resistance to cyclic fatigue, which appeared to be attributed to their physicochemical properties, heat treatment, and design. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la fractura por fatiga cíclica de las limas rotatorias ZenFlexTM, ProTaper GoldTM y HyFlexTM EDM en conductos curvos simulados, junto con sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y comportamiento térmico. Se utilizaron un total de 69 instrumentos de tres sistemas de limas rotatorias NiTi diferentes: ProTaper GoldTM (25/08), HyflexTM EDM (25/08) y ZenflexTM (25/06). El análisis constó de cuatro fases: la fase 1 implicó la observación SEM para detectar defectos de fabricación; la fase 2 se centró en la fractura inducida por fatiga cíclica en un conducto curvo con un radio de curvatura de 60° de 2 mm y un diámetro de 1,5 mm; la fase 3 abarcó la observación SEM del fragmento fracturado y la obtención de un estudio fractográfico; la fase 4 incluyó la caracterización fisicoquímica, como las relaciones equiatómicas por Espectroscopia de  plasma con acoplamiento inductivo (ICP-OES), la transformación de fase por DSC, la estructura cristalina por difracción de rayos X y el análisis morfológico por SEM. Se observaron microfisuras y defectos en los bordes de corte de las limas ZenFlexTM y ProTaper GoldTM. Los ciclos medios hasta la fractura fueron 2814,50 ± 161,58, 2649,94 ± 120,93 y 1362,89 ± 88,33 para HyFlexTM EDM, ZenFlexTM y ProTaper GoldTM, respectivamente. Además, se observaron diferentes temperaturas de transición de fase, con ZenFlexTM en la fase austenítica, ProTaper GoldTM en martensita y HyFlexTM EDM en la fase R a temperatura ambiente, como lo corroboró la difracción de rayos X. Además, se observó una relación cuasi-equimolar para los diferentes sistemas, con ZenFlexTM exhibiendo un ángulo helicoidal reducido, seguido de HyFlexTM EDM y ProTaper GoldTM. Las limas ZenFlexTM demostraron una mayor resistencia a la fatiga cíclica, que pareció atribuirse a sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, tratamiento térmico y diseño.