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A riveting primer on the growing trend of surveillance, monitoring, and control that is extending our prison system beyond physical walls and into a dark futureby the prize-winning author of Understanding Mass Incarceration James Kilgore is one of my favorite commentators regarding the phenomenon of mass incarceration and the necessity of pursuing truly transformative change. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow In the last decade, as the critique of mass incarceration has grown more powerful, many reformers have embraced changes that release people from prisons and jails. As educator, author, and activist James Kilgore brilliantly shows, these rapidly spreading reforms largely fall under the heading of e-carcerationa range of punitive technological interventions, from ankle monitors to facial recognition apps, that deprive people of their liberty, all in the name of ending mass incarceration. E-carceration can block peoples access to employment, housing, healthcare, and even the chance to spend time with loved ones. Many of these technologies gather data that lands in corporate and government databases and may lead to further punishment or the marketing of their data to Big Tech. This riveting primer on the world of techno-punishment comes from the author of awardwinning Understanding Mass Incarceration. Himself a survivor of prison and e-carceration, Kilgore captures the breadth and complexity of these technologies and offers inspiring ideas on how to resist.

There is a scarcity of research in English focusing on probation officers’ job satisfaction in South Korea. Maslow’s human needs theory (self-actualization) and Herzberg’s two-factor theory inspired the current study’s use of probation officers’ positive impact on probationers’ lives and job accomplishment as predictors of their job satisfaction. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses were performed on data collected from the Korean Institute of Criminology’s survey of Korean probation officers ( N  = 423). The regression results indicate a high level of job satisfaction among Korean probation officers who have a positive perception of their impact on probationers’ lives and their ability to achieve work goals. Therefore, probation administrators need to develop ways to enhance probation officers’ perception of their positive impact on probationers’ lives and job accomplishments to increase their job satisfaction.

Smith examines the split among the circuits regarding the classic penalty situation. She discusses the purpose and intent of the Fifth Amendment and details the \"classic penalty\" standard the Court outlined in Murphy. She also discusses the current circuit split on the issue of whether a standard probation condition presented a penalty situation. She analyzes the circuit court split and compares the factors in each case that led to the court's determination. She explains why states should consider adopting the federal approach to supervised release to decrease the likelihood that a probationer will be faced with a classic penalty situation. This analysis includes a discussion on the impact of the current federal approach and the potential benefits for probationers and the community if states were to adopt a uniform approach to the \"answer truthfully\" condition of probation.

Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Grants Pass v. Johnson, national attention is being brought to discussions about the criminalization of homelessness and the experiences of homeless people in the criminal legal system. Community supervision (probation and parole) is an oftforgotten portion of the criminal justice system, despite there being nearly triple the number of people on parole or probation than the number of people incarcerated in the United States. Probation specifically is seen as an alternative to incarceration. Some view it as a more humane punishment than incarceration; others believe probation is far too lenient and sentenced too often. For homeless people, probation is often just a stepping stone to incarceration instead of a turn away from it. Using Illinois as a case study, this Comment demonstrates the way the criminalization of homelessness makes probation especially difficult for those without housing to successfully complete. There are over 470,000 people on probation in Illinois, compared to just over 27,000 in the Illinois prison population. Illinois does not keep statistics about the number of probationers experiencing homelessness or housing insecurity, so studying the exact impact of homelessness on probation in Illinois is difficult. Studies from other areas of the country show that people who are facing housing insecurity are 36% more likely to unsuccessfully complete probation. Several general probation requirements are difficult for homeless people to follow. Requirements such as reporting to parole officers, avoiding interactions with law enforcement, not associating with convicted felons, and regularly appearing for court dates present unique problems for people without homes. To help alleviate the inequalities within the system, probation departments should begin collecting data on the housing status of probationers, create dedicated homeless programs within probation offices, work on inter-agency and resource collaboration for homeless services, end incarceration for probation violations, and invest in permanent supportive housing.

•The study conducted synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) analysis in urine of probationers.•The most detected synthetic cannabinoids were 5F-NPB-22 and (S)-AB-FUBINACA.•45 SCs were identified in a run time of less than 11 min.•The method is useful as a tool for determining SCs in urine. Synthetic cannabinoids are a significant public health and safety problem that complicates drug tests with their ever-changing structures in our country and worldwide. The fact that most synthetic cannabinoids cannot be detected in biological samples by routine drug of abuse screening tests also causes an increase in the use of these substances in return. In this study, 500 urine samples of randomly selected probationers, analyzed with an enzymatic immunoassay test at Ege University Institute of Drug Addiction, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Sciences (BATI) and tested negative, were then selected for retrospective analysis. Synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites were quantitatively scanned in the collected urine samples via the liquid-liquid extraction method with the LC-MS/MS. Of the 500 studied urine samples, 108 (21.6%) were positive for 20 synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites. The two most detected synthetic cannabinoids were 5F-NPB-22 (58%) and (S)-AB-FUBINACA (36%), and their mean concentrations were 72.94 ± 47.51 ng/mL and 5.84 ± 14.7 ng/mL, respectively. These results were also compared with national statistics from the general population. It resulted that immunoassay screening tests used in this study were insufficient, and urine samples should be studied in clinical and forensic cases with a validated chromatographic method.

Probation is a form of community-based correction; after probationers are released from jail, they face various obstacles to their personal and social lives. This study investigated the lived experiences of probationers. A qualitative-descriptive phenomenological research design was used in this study to explore the experiences, challenges, and impact of the probation programs on the quality of life of probationers. The responses were transcribed and analyzed using the thematic code analysis of Braun and Clarke (2006). Purposive sampling was used in this study as the researcher's sampling method. The study identified 10 probationers from the Province of Zamboanga del Norte who participated in an in-depth interview and focus group discussion using a researcher-made interview guide. Three themes emerged from the experiences of informants as recipients of probation: Happiness Despite Difficulties, Striving for fulfillment, Unfathomable Misery of Probationers, Besmirched Reputation, Economic Distress; All-Around Crisis, Life-Changing Techniques, and Probationer's Dedicated Heart were the three themes from addressing the challenges encountered and three from the impact of the programs to the quality of life of the informants which were the Probationer's Extraordinary Development, Absolute Life Transformation, and A Change Person. The findings asserted that they were victims of circumstances and needed to be part of a community-based correction by the probation program. They all have the potential to change and renew their lives. They deserve to be on probation rather than in jail, where they may be tainted by incorrigible persons deprived of liberty. Their happy stories are signs and the road to their stable recovery. The miseries of probationers however are the repercussions of their past deviant actions. The recognition of this detrimental effect can be viewed as a positive indication of recovery.

Objectives This study was an attempt to replicate the findings from an earlier experimental evaluation of a probation officer training program by Bonta et al. ( Criminal Justice and Behavior , 38 : 1127–1148, 2011 ). An experimental design was used with an improvement in the random assignment of clients and was tested with a sample of probation officers from a new jurisdiction. Methods Probation officers from the Canadian province of Alberta were randomly assigned to training or probation-as-usual. Officer behavior was measured by audio recordings of supervision sessions and recidivism was defined as a new conviction within 2 years of the initial recording. Attrition resulted in 27 probation officers submitting audio recordings of supervision sessions over a 6-month period (15 in the experimental group and 12 in the control). There were 160 recordings of 81 probationers submitted. Results The audio recordings showed inconsistent changes in officer behavior and no differences in recidivism between the clients of the experimental and control probation officers. However, the use of cognitive techniques by the probation officers was associated with a longer time to recidivism. In addition, by 10 months, more than half of the trained officers stopped their involvement in ongoing professional development activities. Conclusion Although the study failed to replicate the major findings reported by Bonta et al., it did highlight the importance of cognitive techniques in officer training. The results are interpreted with respect to the replication literature and the difficulties inherent in direct and conceptual replications especially in real-world settings.

Probation systems rely on urine screens to sort people for punishment. Probationers who test “clean” show that they are worthy of remaining in the community, while those who test “dirty” make themselves vulnerable to incarceration. This article draws comparisons between the testing mechanisms used in modern probation systems and the testing mechanisms used in the medieval ordeal. In undergoing a medieval ordeal, “probands” went through a physical test to determine whether their bodies were pure or impure. Those who failed the test were led away for punishment. Most people subjected to the medieval ordeal were poor, as are most people in modern probations systems who must prove that their urine is “clean.”

The United States' high incarceration rate gets a lot of attention from scholars, policy makers, and the public. Yet, writes Michelle Phelps, the most common form of criminal justice supervision is not imprisonment but probation—and that's just as true for juveniles as for adults. Probation was originally promoted as an alternative to imprisonment that would spare promising individuals from the ravages of institutionalization, Phelps writes. But instead, it often serves as a net-widener, expanding formal supervision to low-level cases. Like mass incarceration, she demonstrates, mass probation is marked by deep racial and class disparities, and it can have devastating consequences for poor and minority communities. In her review, Phelps covers three aspects of probation supervision-who is sentenced to probation, what they experience, and when and why probation is revoked (that is, when probationers are sent to jail or prison for violating the terms of supervision). She then presents policy recommendations for each of these three stages that could reduce the harms of mass probation. They include scaling back the use of probation, offering probationers more meaningful help to improve their lives, and raising the bar for revoking probation. Though probation reform may not be a cure-all, she writes, it could reduce the scale of our criminal justice system and temper its detrimental effects.

This article evaluates the application of probation orders in Nigeria. It offers a detailed discussion of international legal frameworks for probation and in particular discusses penal provisions that provide for probation, while noting innovations provided by the Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015, the Administration of Criminal Justice Laws of States and the Nigerian Correctional Services Act 2019. The article highlights the benefits, terms and conditions and duties of a probation officer and the application of probation in Nigeria. Complementarily, it discusses Kenya as a jurisdiction, where judicial activism and other underpinning factors have occasioned a robust application of probation. The article also identifies noticeable gaps which hinder the robust application of probation in Nigeria and proffers solutions by way of recommendations.