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English as Foreign Language (EFL) students face additional difficulties for academic writing largely due to their level of language competency. An appropriate structural process of writing can help students develop their academic writing skills. This study explored the use of the e-readers to facilitate EFL students' process-based academic writing. The experiment was conducted in the graduate level class entitled ＂Technical and Scientific English Writing＂ in a northern Taiwan university for the entire semester, about 5 months. Students' perceptions, writing outcome and portfolio were collected and were later evaluated. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted in this study. Empirical data were collected and analyzed to report on the performance of EFL students' academic writing with and without the e-readers. Findings indicate that e-readers affected the process of reading, annotation, and information retrieval with the unique functions. For EFL students' academic writing, e-reader can be a tool for reciprocal peer review that aided academic writing. Moreover, e-readers are significantly beneficial for students' academic writing progress compared to the conventional paper-based materials. The functions of e-readers can assist students' writing process and make the recursive circle of steps more efficiently. E-readers could afford creating a better writing environment in the process-based writing approach. This study further discussed the role of e-readers in the academic writing classroom and further discusses how to use e-readers to facilitate academic writing in the classroom.

The present study examined the role of explicit writing instruction in an EFL college writing class from the perspective of a process-genre approach to teaching. To evaluate the effect of explicit instruction on writing improvement a writing rubric was used, which measured the five areas of writing development such as 'Purpose', 'Organization', 'Elaboration', 'Voice', and 'Grammar. L2 writing proficiency was used as a unit of analysis to evaluate writing development. Specifically, the students in two proficiency groups were required to perform the set of genre-writing tasks, Narrative and Argumentative essays, under pre-test and post-test conditions. The results showed that explicit instruction under the process-genre approach helped to improve students' writing skills, but the relative effects differed according to L2 writing proficiency. More specifically, the more proficiency group showed the improvement in the four areas of the rubric measures except for 'Grammar.' On the other hand, the less proficiency group experienced the improvement only in two rubric measures, or 'Organization' and 'Purpose.' This indicates the important role of L2 writing proficiency in incorporating a process-genre approach into traditional writing classrooms. This paper argues that L2 proficiency should be considered an essential part of teaching practices under the process-genre approach to writing.

In order to meet writing objectives specified in the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), many teachers need to make significant changes in how writing is taught. While CCSS identified what students need to master, it did not provide guidance on how teachers are to meet these writing benchmarks. The current article presents research-supported practices that can be used to meet CCSS writing objectives in kindergarten to grade 8. We identified these practices by conducting a new meta-analysis of writing intervention studies, which included true and quasi-experiments, as well as single-subject design studies. In addition, we conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies examining the practices of exceptional literacy teachers. Studies in 20 previous reviews served as the data source for these analyses. The recommended practices derived from these analyses are presented within a framework that takes into account both the social contextual and cognitive/motivational nature of writing.

THE AUTHORS investigated the impact of the Deaf Student Editing Rubric (DSER) as a self-editing tool on the writing performance of prelingually profoundly deaf adolescent students whose first language is American Sign Language. The DSER was developed by the first author. The study participants included 15 Deaf students in 4 classrooms in grades 7–12. Writing samples were analyzed for all students, and the level of rubric use was assessed. Eight of the students were interviewed about their use of the DSER. Although all students in the sample increased their mean scores in word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions, results indicated that only the interviewed group showed significant improvement in their writing. Students’ writing performance indicated that the DSER was most effective when students talked with an adult about their use of the rubric.

The debate surrounding how best to support African American student writers continues today as the gap between achievement scores persists. This qualitative analysis documents the classroom structures and instructional practices of two English Language Arts teachers working in a predominately African American public middle school, whose students demonstrated growth on the state's standardized assessment of English Language Arts. Teachers were chosen based on value-added measures of student achievement using test score gain and observational data of their writing instruction. Both teachers explicitly and repeatedly targeted writing skills and strategies during instruction and offered aligned instructional supports. Tasks assigned were intellectually challenging and aligned with the targeted skills and strategies. The data suggest ways to balance both skill and strategy instruction and a process approach to writing instruction, which many argue is supportive of African American students' writing development.

The objective of this action research study was to assess the impact of the Process-Based Approach (PBA) on the development of the writing skills of young students who are learning English as a Foreign Language. The participants included 12 third-grade students from a bilingual private school in Manizales, Caldas. Six workshops were implemented, guiding the students to write different texts in English by using the writing process stages and applying some writing strategies, such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating their own output. Instruments such as a teacher’s journal, a writing rubric, external observations, self-assessment protocols, and L2 writing pre- and post-tests were used to collect the data. The results suggest that the PBA was useful for enhancing the writing skills of young English learners. Additionally, the strategies applied during the process bettered third-grade students’ writing performance in aspects such as content, organization, conventions, vocabulary, and fluency. Finally, the data illustrated that the PBA and the writing strategies made students feel confident about writing, which, at the same time, contributed to the students’ self-efficacy in writing tasks.

Artificial intelligence (AI) education in K-12 schools is currently very popular, but educators and experts have found designing AI-related curricula a challenge. Few studies have been conducted that can inform practitioners about how to design and implement AI-related curricula, and thus sustainable approaches that can inform the planning of quality curricula are required. Teachers’ perspectives are essential in this, to make sense of emerging AI technology. Thus, this study develops a model of curriculum design that includes the four aspects of content, produce, process, and praxis. It conducts a thematic analysis of data collected from 12 K-12 schools, which includes individual interviews, teaching documents, and meeting minutes from 24 teachers. The findings thus reveal six key components: AI knowledge, AI processes, the impact of AI (content and product), student relevance, teacher-student communication, and flexibility (process and praxis). Thus, this study proposes a holistic approach to design AI K-12 curriculum.

In an attempt to increase second language (L2) learners' understanding of the benefits associated with the process approach to writing and, more specifically, to gain their appreciation of how their peers might contribute to the quality of their writing, in this study peer revision was modified between two groups of lower-level proficiency L2 students. The modification to peer revision was predicated on an attempt to more closely align L2 writing instructional practice with the spirit of the National Standards for Foreign Language Education (2006). Identical surveys were administered to separate groups of learners before and after the alteration. They revealed a positive shift in learners' attitude in regard to the writing process in general and, more specifically, in how they viewed assistance offered by their peers.

An important goal of schooling is teaching students how to write. Teachers need access to effective writing practices to meet this goal. For close to 40 years, meta-analyses of writing intervention studies have been used to identify evidence-based practices in writing. Most of the research included in these reviews involved studies conducted in the U.S. and Europe. The current meta-analysis included 77 experimental studies examining the effectiveness of writing interventions conducted in schools in Turkey with 4,891 students in primary grades through college. The writing outcome in all of these studies was quality of students’ writing. The average weighted effect size for teaching writing across all 77 studies was 1.39. The average weighted effect sizes for the five writing treatments tested in four or more studies were 0.92 for peer assistance, 1.55 for pre-writing activities, 1.30 for the process approach to writing, and 1.28 for strategy instruction. Directions for future research and implications for practice are discussed.

Purpose The presented research explored artificial intelligence (AI) application in the learning and development (L&D) function. Although a few studies reported AI and the people management processes, a systematic and structured study that evaluates the integration of AI with L&D focusing on scope, adoption and affecting factors is mainly absent. This study aims to explore L&D-related AI innovations, AI’s role in L&D processes, advantages of AI adoption and factors leading to effective AI-based learning following the analyse, design, develop, implement and evaluate approach. Design/methodology/approach The presented research has adopted a systematic literature review method to critically analyse, synthesise and map the extant research by identifying the broad themes involved. The review approach includes determining a time horizon, database selection, article selection and article classification. Databases from Emerald, Sage, Francis and Taylor, etc. were used, and the 81 research articles published between 1996 and 2022 were identified for analysis. Findings The result shows that AI innovations such as natural language processing, artificial neural networks, interactive voice response and text to speech, speech to text, technology-enhanced learning and robots can improve L&D process efficiency. One can achieve this by facilitating the articulation of learning module, identifying learners through face recognition and speech recognition systems, completing course work, etc. Further, the result also shows that AI can be adopted in evaluating learning aptitude, testing learners’ memory, tracking learning progress, measuring learning effectiveness, helping learners identify mistakes and suggesting corrections. Finally, L&D professionals can use AI to facilitate a quicker, more accurate and cheaper learning process, suitable for a large learning audience at a time, flexible, efficient, convenient and less expensive for learners. Originality/value In the absence of any systematic research on AI in L&D function, the result of this study may provide useful insights to researchers and practitioners.