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By using the method of observation, interviews and literature study, this research focuses on the problem of how the 'mara' system, which is a traditional profit-sharing system in shallot cultivation, still has the flexibility to be applied in the current free market era when there are many landless farmers (farm workers). Field research proves that through this system, farmers who do not have agricultural land can be involved in cultivating crops, both food and other types. In that system, the risk bearer is a factor that is taken into account in the distribution of the harvest. The party who bears the greatest risk of crop failure will be the party who gets a larger share of the harvest than the other party. Consequently, when the risk increases, the percentage for the results also increases. This is what causes the share of the land tenant's harvest to increase when the cost of red onion production increases. This factor also causes the increasing workload of the farmer because the production costs borne by the land owners have similarly increased. Generally, the production costs in agricultural cultivation at a great high. The results of the research also show that in the 'mara' system, the owners get a diminishing share of the profits because they do not bear the risk of crop failure. This is different from the 'kedokan' system in rice cultivation where landowners bear the risk of crop failure so that the workload of land cultivators increases more and more.

This book studies the conditions under which labor and capital collaborate in support of the same trade policies.

How should decentralized supply chains set the profit sharing terms using minimal information on demand and selling price? We develop a distributionally robust Stackelberg game model to address this question. Our framework uses only the first and second moments of the price and demand attributes, and thus can be implemented using only a parsimonious set of parameters. More specifically, we derive the relationships among the optimal wholesale price set by the supplier, the order decision of the retailer, and the corresponding profit shares of each supply chain partner, based on the information available. Interestingly, in the distributionally robust setting, the correlation between demand and selling price has no bearing on the order decision of the retailer. This allows us to simplify the solution structure of the profit sharing agreement problem dramatically. Moreover, the result can be used to recover the optimal selling price when the mean demand is a linear function of the selling price (cf. Raza 2014) [Raza SA (2014) A distribution free approach to newsvendor problem with pricing. 4OR—A Quart. J. Oper. Res. 12(4):335–358.]. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1677 .

\"Yugoslavia's twentieth-century bore witness to civil war, sharp ideological struggles and a series of 'partisan ruptures'; revolutionary events that changed the face of Yugoslavian society, politics and culture, which were felt on a global level. This book is a comprehensive historical and political analysis of the three major ruptures; the People's Liberation Struggle during World War Two, the self-management model and the Non-Aligned Movement. In order to understand what provoked and what came out of these revolutionary ruptures, Gal Kirn examines the implications of communism and socialism's productive relationship, the Yugoslavian 'experiment' of market socialism that marked the political and economic shift towards 'post-socialism' already in the 1960s, which crystallised new class coalitions that will later on - together with austerity politics - lead the way towards des-integration of Yugoslavia. Filling a much-needed gap in English language literature, this book's interrogation of the Yugoslav socialist experiment offers insights for left projects and democratic socialist discussions today, as well as historians of Yugoslavia and revolutionary movements\"--Page 4 of cover.

Despite the “1/ N problem” associated with profit sharing, the empirical literature finds that sharing profits with workers has a positive impact on work team and firm performance. We examine one possible resolution to this puzzle by observing that, although the incentive to work harder under profit sharing is weak, it might be sufficient to motivate workers to report each other for shirking, especially if the workers are reciprocally minded. Our model provides the rationale for this conjecture, and we discuss the results of an experiment finding that workers who share in firm profits are more willing to provide accurate information about their peers to management and that profit sharing is most effective when peer reporting is possible. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2831 . This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.

Purpose – This study examines the key factors driving profit-sharing financing growth in Indonesian Islamic banks and offers insights into post-Covid-19 recovery strategies.Methodology – This study used the ECM and ARDL methods to analyze short-term adjustments and long-term dynamics in 35 Indonesian Islamic banks. Findings – The results indicate that money supply, liquidity ratio, and financial profitability drive both short- and long-term growth in profit-sharing financing. Conversely, inflation and financial risk negatively affect the long-term expansion of such financing. Meanwhile, exchange rates, interest rates, and operational efficiency do not have a significant influence. Additionally, the findings highlight that long-term relationships in profit-sharing financing remain stable, with temporary short-term imbalances.Implications – This study provides evidence for policymakers and Islamic bank management to develop strategies to enhance profit-sharing financing, support Islamic banking growth, and guide post-Covid-19 recovery policies. Insights highlight key areas for strengthening Islamic banking operations in Indonesia.Originality – This study builds on previous research by applying the ECM and ARDL frameworks, providing a more comprehensive analysis of profit-sharing financing determinants in Indonesian Islamic banking.

In modern transportation systems, the potential for further decreasing the costs of fulfilling customer requests is severely limited while market competition is constantly reducing revenues. However, increased competitiveness through cost reductions can be achieved if freight carriers cooperate in order to balance their request portfolios. Participation in such coalitions can benefit the entire coalition, as well as each participant individually, thus reinforcing the market position of the partners. The work presented in this paper uniquely combines features of routing and scheduling problems and of cooperative game theory. In the first part, the profit margins resulting from horizontal cooperation among freight carriers are analysed. It is assumed that the structure of customer requests corresponds to that of a pickup and delivery problem with time windows for each freight carrier. In the second part, the possibilities of sharing these profit margins fairly among the partners are discussed. The Shapley value can be used to determine a fair allocation. Numerical results for real-life and artificial instances are presented.

Which agency problems affect corporate cash policy? To answer this question, we estimate a dynamic model of finance and investment with three mechanisms that misalign managerial and shareholder incentives: limited managerial ownership of the firm, compensation based on firm size, and managerial perquisite consumption. We find that perquisite consumption critically impacts cash policy. Size-based compensation also matters, but less. Firms with lower blockholder and institutional ownership have higher managerial perquisite consumption, low managerial ownership is a key factor in the secular upward trend in cash holdings, and agency plays little role in small firms' substantial cash holdings.

Purpose“The latest available cross-country data presented in the PEPPER V Report (Lowitzsch and Hashi, 2024) can be viewed by examining EFP in and of itself as an isolated subject or it can be viewed in a much wider set of contexts. Widening the lens in order to examine EFP in the context of the concentration of capital ownership and the concentration of capital income can help observers establish EFP’s span of relevance. In particular US data on capital income show that policy makers need to be aware that EFP can have an important role in narrowing the income and wealth gap for the working middle class when the concentration of capital ownership and capital income is high and when real wage growth is low.”Design/methodology/approach“Against this background, this article makes a very straightforward observation that the relevance of EFP in an economic system, in a country, and for the average employee in a country is related to the trend in the concentration of capital ownership and capital income. Interest in the idea is potentially increased or decreased by trends in real wages. Atkinson, who many consider the founder of modern wealth concentration scholarship, “focuses on the increasing share of capital incomes a source of income inequality among individuals” (Cirillo et al., 2017, p. 1). Indeed, we consider the difference between labour’s share and capital’s share to be a critically important fundamental problem of political economy. This essay asserts that when this concentration is high and real wages are flat, other things being equal, EFP may be more relevant. When the concentration of capital ownership and capital income is high, this means that ownership and income on that ownership is thinly spread in the population. When real wages are flat, this means that the rate at which fixed wages can replenish wealth is decreasing. As a result, both trends would make EFP more relevant.”FindingsThe conceptual model suggested for this article asserts that the relevance of EFP can be viewed as a function of narrowing income and wealth options for the working middle class when the concentration of capital ownership and capital income is high and when real wage growth is low. Does this relevance change across economic systems? There is no question that the future understanding of these issues requires adding metrics to the statistical methodologies of different regions and countries and adding to existing reports and analyses that focus on both the dynamics of and trends in capital income (property income in the EU) and on the EUR and USD value of EFP at the mean and at the median for different income levels of the populationOriginality/valueThis article presents – for the first time – a society-wide measure of the impact of EFP on one economy, namely, the US For further research, it makes sense to build on the comparable data available on the distribution of capital ownership and have similar research on the distribution of capital income for both the EU and the US along with measures of the EUR and USD values of EFP.