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The President of Romania is elected through universal, equal, direct, secret, and freely expressed vote. In order to run for this office, the individual must be a Romanian citizen and at least 35 years of age. The election of the President is validated by the Constitutional Court of Romania, and the mandate commences upon the taking of the Oath of Office. The current duration of the presidential mandate is five years, with the same individual being entitled to a maximum of two consecutive terms. The President of Romania’s duties are generally consistent with those of a semi-presidential republic. During their mandate, the President is not allowed to belong to any political party. Among other responsibilities, the President of Romania also serves as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.

Should Australia's Governor-General refuse royal assent to an anti-democratic or intolerant constitutional amendment that has been approved at referendum? The limits on the Australian people's power to amend their own constitution have, to date, been the subject of limited scholarship. Through application of Yaniv Roznai's theory of constitutional unamendability, it is argued that political constitutionalism is a core tenet of the Australian constitutional order, a tenet which would likely call for a refusal of assent to an anti-democratic amendment. By contrast, Australia's relatively weak tradition of legal constitutionalism would not stand in the way of an intolerant alteration to the Australian Constitution. Understanding the legitimate boundaries of the Governor-General's authority is an ongoing project in Australian constitutional theory. However, these issues can provide fresh insight on long-running academic debates about the role of Commonwealth vice-regal representatives and the source of the Australian Constitution's authority.

We aimed to validate the Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale (HPASS) among healthcare students in Brazil. The validation process occurred in three phases from August 2022 to July 2023: translation and cross-cultural adaptation; content validity assessment involving four experts; and evaluation of psychometric properties among 553 healthcare students from the Federal University of Espírito Santo. We used exploratory factor analysis and convergent validity for structural validation. The average scale content validity index was 0.90, while the evaluation of validity evidence based on the internal structure indicated a robust explanatory model. Parallel analysis indicated that the scale is composed by two dimensions: “Discrimination/Prejudice” and “Stereotype”; the composite reliability values for these dimensions were 0.96 and 0.85, respectively. The Brazilian version of HPASS has shown to be a simple, reliable, and psychometrically valid measure to quantify HIV stigma among healthcare students who speak Brazilian Portuguese.Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la “Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale” (HPASS) entre estudiantes de salud en Brasil. El proceso de validación se llevó a cabo en tres etapas: traducción y adaptación transcultural; evaluación de la validez de contenido; y evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas con estudiantes de salud de la Universidad Federal de Espírito Santo. El índice de validez de contenido promedio de la escala fue de 0.90, mientras que la evaluación de la evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna indicó un modelo explicativo sólido. El análisis paralelo indicó que la escala está compuesta por dos dimensiones: “Discriminación/Prejuicio” y “Estereotipo”. La versión brasileña de HPASS ha demostrado ser una medida simple, confiable y psicométricamente válida para cuantificar el estigma del VIH entre estudiantes de salud que hablan portugués brasileño.

This article studies the promulgation of law in Qin and Western Han China (221 b.c.e.–9 c.e.) based primarily on excavated legal and administrative texts. It shows that a new law was handed down from the emperor to the relevant offices on the day of enactment. The article argues that, to an extent, the subject matter and function of a law determined for whom it was passed and promulgated. Depending upon the location, rank, and official duties of the offices, the laws known and used could be quite different. Although it was required that documents of imperial decisions be forwarded swiftly and safely by courier at the prescribed speed, delays in forwarding such documents to distant local offices were probably common in Qin and Western Han China. Evidence indicates that district- and prefecture-level officials publicized laws that needed to be made known by the common people, by reading them aloud in local gatherings, for example, or posting them in conspicuous places. The article further argues that a law came into effect in offices on the day it arrived at local courts or on the day it was enacted in the central court, depending on the existence of related extant laws. It concludes that a new law in Qin and Western Han China was ex post facto, as it reached backwards to a past action and retroactively attached liabilities to the action at the point when it was performed.

From the author's preface: Sublime Porte--there must be few terms more redolent, even today, of the fascination that the Islamic Middle East has long exercised over Western imaginations. Yet there must also be few Western minds that now know what this term refers to, or why it has any claim to attention. One present-day Middle East expert admits to having long interpreted the expression as a reference to Istambul's splendid natural harbor. This individual is probably not unique and could perhaps claim to be relatively well informed. When the Sublime Porte still existed, Westerners who spent time in Istanbul knew the term as a designation for the Ottoman government, but few knew why the name was used, or what aspect of the Ottoman government it properly designated. What was the real Sublime Porte? Was it an organization? A building? No more, literally, than a door or gateway? What about it was important enough to cause the name to be remembered? In one sense, the purpose of this book is to answer these questions. Of course, it will also do much more and will, in the process, move quickly onto a plane quite different from the exoticism just invoked. For to study the bureaucratic complex properly known as the Sublime Porte, and to analyze its evolution and that of the body of men who staffed it, is to explore a problem of tremendous significance for the development of the administrative institutions of the Ottoman Empire, the Islamic lands in general, and in some senses the entire non-Westerrn world.

This paper argues that everyday practices crucial for ensuring politically engaged citizens such as sharing news articles or deliberating about potential laws can also be responsible for undermining the state’s efforts to publicize the law. Theorists view publicity—a requirement that laws should be public and accessible—as having crucial normative and practical importance in liberal democracy and, more broadly, in ensuring the rule of law. Due to egalitarian concerns, laws are often long, complex, and specific to ensure that street-level bureaucrats exercise low levels of discretion in applying the law. This—what I deem the institutional publicity problem—means that the law is so inaccessible that busy, everyday citizens must turn to third-party sources to understand policymaking. These intermediaries often make mistakes promulgating the law. Misinformation is hard to counteract, and pre-existing beliefs affect information acceptance. This all represents a behavioral publicity problem: morally and legally permissible actions can complicate and undermine reasonable efforts of citizens to learn about the law. I argue that the state is caught between a rock and a hard place. While there are benefits to having the state fight against misinformation, it also raises serious concerns about democratic engagement.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and virility of the violence against medical personnel have been parallel phenomena in Indian public health administration. The safety and security medical and paramedical have been attracting attention for quite a long time. Still, no central legislation has piloted to enhance their therapeutic and surgical acumen in epidemics and pandemics. The health care of the patients and the covenant of Medicare service persons and institutions doctors missed in the myopic perception of the health administration’s tilt towards the criminal administration of justice. Method: The clasping of 125 years of age epidemic control law and 162 years of age criminal statute stinks the Indian feel in the present context. Result: The significant outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic is showcased in the Epidemic Diseases (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, ensuring harassment-free workplaces for the medical fraternity. The criminal sanction afforded by the 23 state enactments on the protection of medical care personnel and institutions in states in India, but there is no central legislation. Despite the Indian Medical Association’s recommendation for the Protection of Medical Service Persons and Medical Service Institutions (Prevention of Violence and Damage or Loss of Property) Act, 2017, we witnessed Epidemic Diseases (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020 in enhancing the robust workplace for the doctors during the pandemic. The legal strategy camouflaging ‘disaster’ under Section 2 (d) of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 in pandemic and lockdown is sobering but astonishing. Conclusion: The paper locates the legal response to violence against the doctors in the sociology of medicine and medical professions as professional socialization and social system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 04 October’23 Page : 734-742

The Constitution of Romania, republished, provides, in art. 1 paragraph (4), that the organization and functioning of our state is based on the principle of separation and balance of powers in the state. The true functioning of this principle is conditioned by the configuration of control mechanisms and mutual collaboration, especially between the most important exponents of these powers, such as the Parliament and the President of Romania. One of the powers exercised by the President of Romania in his relations with Parliament is the promulgation of laws. Through this article we aim to analyze whether this is a genuine attribution, as well as whether it can be exercised at the discretion of the head of state.

Cartographic symbols on crisis maps serve as means of depicting information about the position, properties, and/or numerical values of objects, phenomena or actions specific to crisis mapping. Many crisis cartographic visualisations require simple, clear, categorised and visually organised symbols that can be easily read and understood by a wide range of crisis map users. Cartographic symbol sets for crisis mapping depend on effective graphic design, good availability (sharing and promotion, dissemination and promulgation) and standardisation (ensuring the general and repeatable use of map symbols). In this research, our aim was to examine the extent of these challenges in current cartographic symbology for crisis mapping. Through a comparative study of prominent symbol sets, we analysed efforts invested so far and proposed future directions. The results of this study may be of assistance in understanding less unified or coherent symbologies currently in use, or in revising or amplifying existing sets for future publication.

One of the directions for the development of additional disclosure of accounting information in the corporate governance system is to improve the content and the procedure for the presentation of the Management Report by corporate structures. As the European experience in reporting shows, which includes non-financial indicators, today the development of the content of the Management Report on the basis of improving its regulatory regulation is relevant taking into account the requirements and needs of stakeholders of corporate structures. The purpose of the article is to find ways to improve the Management Report as a means of additional disclosure of accounting information in corporate structures. To achieve this goal, methods of analysis and synthesis, modeling, a tabular research method were used. The relevance of the development of the content of the Management Report was substantiated based on the improvement of its regulatory regulation. The analysis of the regulatory features of the disclosure of non-financial information was carried out. As a basis for comparison, the Guidelines for the preparation of the management report, Directive 2013/34/EU and Directive 2014/95/EU were selected. The analysis of existing forms of punishment in case of non-compliance with the requirements for the publication of non-financial information in the EU countries was carried out. Proposals concerning the punishment in case of untimely disclosure, distortion or concealment of non-financial information by Ukrainian companies were submitted. The composition of indicators for such sections as «Environmental Aspects», «Social Aspects and Personnel Policy», «Research and Innovation» of the Management Report was disclosed. The result of the study is the author's suggestions for improvement the Guidelines for the preparation of a management report. In addition, the necessity of forming a common policy at the corporate structure level on the disclosure of additional accounting information in the form of financial and non-financial indicators was substantiated.