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"Protected areas -- History"
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Civilizing Nature
National parks are one of the most important and successful institutions in global environmentalism. Since their first designation in the United States in the 1860s and 1870s they have become a global phenomenon. The development of these ecological and political systems cannot be understood as a simple reaction to mounting environmental problems, nor can it be explained by the spread of environmental sensibilities. Shifting the focus from the usual emphasis on national parks in the United States, this volume adopts an historical and transnational perspective on the global geography of protected areas and its changes over time. It focuses especially on the actors, networks, mechanisms, arenas, and institutions responsible for the global spread of the national park and the associated utilization and mobilization of asymmetrical relationships of power and knowledge, contributing to scholarly discussions of globalization and the emergence of global environmental institutions and governance.
eBook
The History of the Establishment and Management Philosophies of the Portuguese Protected Areas: Combining Written Records and Oral History
The history of the establishment and management philosophies of the mainland Portuguese Protected Areas was reconstructed through the use of written records and oral history interviews. The objectives were to review the main philosophies in the creation and management of these areas, to assess the influence of international PA models, to compare the Portuguese case with other European and international literature concerning PAs and to discuss the value of the oral history in this research. As main results, it was found that the initial management model of “Wilderness (or Yellowstone)” was replaced by the “new paradigm” of PAs when the democracy was re-established. Changes in the management philosophies within this “new paradigm” were also identified, which resulted in the transition of a “Landscape” to a “Nature conservation” model. After the establishment of the Natura 2000 network, the “Biodiversity conservation” model prevailed. It was also found that the initiative for the establishment of most PAs came from the government, although there were few cases of creation due to the action of NGOs and municipalities. Finally, oral history interviews enabled the addition of information to the literature review, but also provided more insight and detail to this history.
Journal Article
El inicio de la protección de la naturaleza en España. Orígenes y balance de la conservación
En este artículo realizamos una aproximación sociohistórica al primer movimiento conservacionista español, acercándonos a sus raíces y a las lógicas que se pusieron en funcionamiento para la protección de las primeras áreas protegidas. El periodo de revisión lo centramos desde la Ley de creación de los parques nacionales (1916) hasta la Segunda República, cerrando con la Guerra Civil (1936). Al final del texto sintetizamos las principales aportaciones de esta inicial patrimonialización de la naturaleza, viendo sus contribuciones y sus limitaciones. A modo de conclusión, sostenemos que algunos de los elementos decimonónicos que inspiraron la conservación de la naturaleza siguen vigentes, por lo que podemos rastrear rasgos que todavía perviven en las declaratorias de áreas protegidas cien años después. Eso sí, redefinidos, reinterpretados y recontextualizados.
This article provides a socio-historical examination of Spain’s first conservation movement; we examine its roots and the logics that led to the establishment of the country’s first protected areas. We focus on the period beginning with the establishment of the General Law on National Parks (1916) up until the Second Republic and the beginning of the Spanish Civil War (1936). At the end of the text we summarise both the contributions and limitations of this initial establishment of a natural heritage. In conclusion, we argue that some of the nineteenth century elements that inspired the conservation of nature still apply today, as we find traces of them – albeit redefined, reinterpreted and recontextualised – in declarations establishing protected areas now one hundred years later.
Journal Article
A global network of marine protected areas for food
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are conservation tools that are increasingly implemented, with growing national commitments for MPA expansion. Perhaps the greatest challenge to expanded use of MPAs is the perceived trade-off between protection and food production. Since MPAs can benefit both conservation and fisheries in areas experiencing overfishing and since overfishing is common in many coastal nations, we ask how MPAs can be designed specifically to improve fisheries yields. We assembled distribution, life history, and fisheries exploitation data for 1,338 commercially important stocks to derive an optimized network of MPAs globally. We show that strategically expanding the existing global MPA network to protect an additional 5% of the ocean could increase future catch by at least 20% via spillover, generating 9 to 12 million metric tons more food annually than in a business-as-usual world with no additional protection. Our results demonstrate how food provisioning can be a central driver of MPA design, offering a pathway to strategically conserve ocean areas while securing seafood for the future.
Journal Article
Democratic Spaces
Winner of the 2024 Forest History Society Charles A. Weyerhaeuser Book Award A contemporary map of New England, scaled to the township level, brings to light a dense pattern of protected areas ringing almost every town and city in the region. Big and small, rural and urban, these green spaces represent more than a century of preservation efforts on the part of philanthropic foundations, planning professionals, state agencies, and most importantly, community-based conservation organizations. Taken together, they highlight one of the most significant advances in land stewardship in US history.
Democratic Spaces explains how these protected places came into being and what they represent for New Englanders and the nation at large. While early New Englanders worked to save local fish, timber, and game resources from outside exploitation, no land-stewardship organizations existed before the founding of the Trustees of Public Reservations in Boston in 1891. Across a century of dramatic change, New England preservationists through this and other, smaller community-based land trusts preserved open spaces for an ever-widening circle of citizens.
eBook
Crimes against nature
Crimes against Nature reveals the hidden history behind three of the nation's first parklands: the Adirondacks, Yellowstone, and the Grand Canyon. Focusing on conservation's impact on local inhabitants, Karl Jacoby traces the effect of criminalizing such traditional practices as hunting, fishing, foraging, and timber cutting in the newly created parks. Jacoby reassesses the nature of these \"crimes\" and provides a rich portrait of rural people and their relationship with the natural world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
eBook
Pilgrimage to the National Parks
National Parks - 'America's Best Idea' - were from the first seen as sacred sites embodying the God-given specialness of American people and American land, and from the first they were also marked as tourist attractions. The inherent tensions between these two realities ensured the parks would be stages where the country's conflicting values would be performed and contested. As pilgrimage sites embody the values and beliefs of those who are drawn to them, so Americans could travel to these sacred places to honor, experience, and be restored by the powers that had created the American land and the American enterprise.
This book explores the importance of the discourse of nature in American culture, arguing that the attributes and symbolic power that had first been associated with the 'new world' and then the 'frontier' were embodied in the National Parks. Author Ross-Bryant focuses on National Parks as pilgrimage sites around which a discourse of nature developed and argues the centrality of religion in understanding the dynamics of both the language and the ritual manifestations related to National Parks. Beyond the specific contribution to a richer analysis of the National Parks and their role in understanding nature and religion in the U.S., this volume contributes to the emerging field of 'religion and the environment,' larger issues in the study of religion (e.g. cultural events and the spatial element in meaning-making), and the study of non-institutional religion.
eBook
Widespread coral bleaching and mass mortality during the 2023–2024 marine heatwave in Little Cayman
The increased frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves (MHWs) induced by continued global warming are the greatest threat to tropical coral reefs, causing mass bleaching events and widespread mortality of reef building corals. In 2023, the isolated and well-protected reefs around Little Cayman experienced a MHW of > 17 Degree Heating Weeks (DHW), far exceeding any DHW measure previously captured. During the peak of the heatwave, ~ 80% of all corals were either bleached or showing signs of mortality. On the final survey date ~54% of all corals surveyed were recorded as dead. However, we identified significant differences in bleaching susceptibility and mortality across taxonomic groups, related to different life history strategies. Notably, weedy coral taxa such as Agaricia spp., Porites astreoides, and Porites porites, experienced high bleaching and suffered extensive mortality. Meanwhile, stress-tolerant reef building taxa such as Orbicella spp ., experienced bleaching, but suffered low mortality. Given Little Cayman reefs have not been exposed to previous thermal stress events, the highly sensitive weedy taxa disproportionately contributed to coral abundance. Thus, the occurrence of a high magnitude – long duration heatwave resulted in catastrophic mortality of corals in Little Cayman, despite ~57% of the coastal environment being classified as no-take Marine Protected Areas. These findings underscore that the global stressor of global climate change, which drives MHWs, cannot be mitigated by local protection and isolation, thus highlighting the need to directly tackle the cause of coral decline (i.e., global climate change).
Journal Article
The Last Wilderness
Murray Morgan’s classic history of the Olympic Peninsula, originally published in 1955, evokes a remote American wilderness “as large as the state of Massachusetts, more rugged than the Rockies, its lowlands blanketed by a cool jungle of fir and pine and cedar, its peaks bearing hundreds of miles of living ice that gave rise to swift rivers alive with giant salmon.\"Drawing on historical research and personal tales collected from docks, forest trails, and waterways, Morgan recounts vivid adventures of the area’s settlers—loggers, hunters, prospectors, homesteaders, utopianists, murderers, profit-seekers, conservationists, Wobblies, and bureaucrats—alongside stories of coastal first peoples and striking descriptions of the peninsula’s wildlife and land.Freshly redesigned and with a new introduction by poet and environmentalist Tim McNulty, this humor-filled saga and landmark love story of one of the most formidably beautiful regions of the Pacific Northwest will inform and engage a new generation of readers.
eBook