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Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Angelus, Biodentine™, and EndoSequence cement in furcation perforations using protein leakage assessment. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using seventy extracted human maxillary and mandibular molars with intact furcation. The samples were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 20) based on repair material used: Group 1 – MTA-Angelus, Group 2 – Biodentine™, and Group 3 – EndoSequence. Two additional groups served as positive and negative controls (n = 5). Using the leakage assessment apparatus, the presence of protein was detected with a reagent (Coomassive Brilliant Blue) every day for 60 days. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis using SPSS software. Results: All the groups exhibited protein leakage from day 1. Biodentine showed minimum (0.1201 mg/ml), MTA showed maximum (0.3738 mg/ml), and EndoSequence had intermediate (0.2465 mg/ml) leakage. None in the negative control and all of the positive control specimens leaked during the experimental period of 60 days. Conclusion: The newer biomaterials, Biodentine and Endosequence with better handling properties, could be used as alternatives to MTA-Angelus while repairing furcation perforations.

Peritoneal membrane dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is primarily attributed to angiogenesis; however, the integrity of vascular endothelial cells can affect peritoneal permeability. Hyaluronan, a component of the endothelial glycocalyx, is reportedly involved in preventing proteinuria in the normal glomerulus. One hypothesis suggests that development of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is triggered by protein leakage due to vascular endothelial injury. We therefore investigated the effect of hyaluronan in the glycocalyx on peritoneal permeability and disease conditions. After hyaluronidase-mediated degradation of hyaluronan on the endothelial cells of mice, macromolecules, including albumin and β2 microglobulin, leaked into the dialysate. However, peritoneal transport of small solute molecules was not affected. Pathologically, hyaluronan expression was diminished; however, expression of vascular endothelial cadherin and heparan sulfate, a core protein of the glycocalyx, was preserved. Hyaluronan expression on endothelial cells was studied using 254 human peritoneal membrane samples. Hyaluronan expression decreased in patients undergoing long-term PD treatment and EPS patients treated with conventional solutions. Furthermore, the extent of hyaluronan loss correlated with the severity of vasculopathy. Hyaluronan on endothelial cells is involved in the peritoneal transport of macromolecules. Treatment strategies that preserve hyaluronan in the glycocalyx could prevent the leakage of macromolecules and subsequent related complications.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by reducing 2 mM solution of AgNO 3 using leaf extract of Tridax procumbens . Synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV spectroscopy, FTIR-ATR, SEM, and TEM analyses. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated against reference and MDR bacterial strains. Phytochemical estimation and antioxidant activity were carried out for aqueous extract of T. procumbens leaves as well as for AgNPs. The nanoparticles were reported oval to spherical in shape with an average size of 54.34 nm. The synthesized AgNPs showed considerable antibacterial activity against bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition ranged between 11.00 ± 1.00 and 15.33 ± 0.58 mm. Among reference bacterial strains, E. coli (15.33 ± 0.58 mm) and S. aureus (15.33 ± 0.58 mm) were found to be the most susceptible with MIC range in between 11.43 and 102.8 µg/ml. Among the MDR strains, P. aeruginosa and E. coli showed inhibition zone of 14.33 ± 0.58 mm with MIC of 102.8 µg/ml. Cell leakage analysis showed an increase in protein leakage level and degradation of nucleic acid after treatment with AgNPs. Synthesized AgNPs showed higher amounts of total phenolic and flavonoids contents as compared to aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens leaves. The antioxidant activity of synthesized AgNPs and aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens leaves was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging, metal chelating, and β-carotene linoleic assays and nanoparticles represented the higher free radical scavenging activity in all the assays. The present study concluded that Tridax procumbens can be used as a source for green synthesis of AgNPs which possesses potent antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances can be referred to as the most critical group of contaminants of emerging concern. They can accumulate in high concentration in the kidney and are known to potentially affect its function. Nonetheless, there is a lack of knowledge about their morphopathological effect on the glomerular filtration barrier. Since previous research suggests perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) induces glomerular protein leakage, the glomerular filtration barrier of 30 carp from the same parental stock (10 unexposed; 10 exposed to 200 ng L−1 of PFOA; and 10 exposed to 2 mg L−1 of PFOA for 56 days) was screened for possible PFOA-induced ultrastructural lesions in order to shed light on the related pathophysiology. PFOA exposure affected the glomerular filtration barrier in carp experimentally exposed to 2 mg L−1, showing ultrastructural alterations compatible with glomerulonephrosis: podocyte effacement, reduction of filtration slits and filtration slit diaphragms, basement membrane disarrangement, and occurrence of proteinaceous material in the urinary space. The results of the present research confirm the glomerular origin of the PFOA-induced protein leakage and can contribute to the mechanistic comprehension of PFOA’s impact on renal function and to the assessment of the exposure effect of environmental pollutants on animals and humans, according to the One Health approach.

Researchers have extensively studied borate bioactive glass (BBG) for bone regeneration and wound healing applications. In the current study, 13-93B3 (54.6% B2O3, 22.1% CaO, 7.9% K2O, 7.7% MgO, 6.0% Na2O, and 1.7% P2O5) was synthesized using a sol–gel technique and doped with different molar concentrations of Cu (0.01, 0.05, and 0.25 M) into BBG for possible biomedical applications. Then, the antibacterial activity was tested against E. coli and S. aureus. The maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus was achieved at 100 μg/mL of 0.25 M Cu-doped BBG. At 50 μg/mL of 0.25 molar copper concentration, E. coli showed a significant reduction in colony-forming units. Hydroxyl radical production, influenced by the BBG powder, was most effective against S. aureus, followed by E. coli. Protein leakage studies demonstrated significant leakage after treatment with BBG powder, demonstrating a strong effect on bacterial strains. This shows a change in protein synthesis, which is essential for central metabolism and gene transcription, affecting proteins in the periplasm and inner and outer membranes. Furthermore, carbohydrate leakage studies showed that BBG is effective against all three categories of cellular carbohydrate, namely membrane-bound, transmembrane, and intracellular carbs. This study focuses on the diverse antibacterial processes of Cu-doped BBG, which has emerged as a promising contender for biological applications that require strong antibacterial characteristics.

2-((1-(4-((2,4,6-trioxohexahydropyrimidin-5-yl)diazenyl) phenyl) ethylidene) amino) benzoic acid (H3L), and its V(IV), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Pd(II) and Ag(I) chelates were synthesized. They were defined using multiple spectral and analytical techniques. With the exception of Ag(I) chelate, all chelates possessed non-electrolytic character. Square pyramidal shape was proposed for V(IV) chelate and Square planar for the other chelates. The analysis of functional group bands of H3L and its coordination compounds alludes that H3L chelated as neutral tetradentate via nitrogen atoms of azo and azomethine groups, oxygen atom of carbonyl of barbituric acid and OH of the carboxylic group. TG/DTG predicted the thermal behaviors of all compounds. The antibacterial activity of H3L and its coordination compounds was conducted against Proteus mirabilis at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL. Ag(I) at 1000 µg/mL, showed the most inhibiting potency against P. mirabilis and registered zone of inhibition of 28.33 ± 0.84 mm and highest biofilm inhibition of 70.31%. At 50 Gy of gamma irradiation, the reducing effect of Ag(I) chelate was improved. The protein interruption of P. mirabilis was greatly interrupted by increasing the concentration of the chaletes. Also, Ag(I) showed the highest cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 11.5 µg/ mL. The novelty of this study is the synthesis of a new azo-Schiff base and this is almost the first publication of the effect of azo-Schiff ligands against that bacterial strain P. mirabilis.

The development of new antibacterial drugs is essential for staying ahead of evolving antibiotic resistant bacterial (ARB) threats, ensuring effective treatment options for bacterial infections, and protecting public health. Herein, we successfully designed and synthesized two novel gold(III)‐ NHC complexes, [Au(1)(bpy)Cl][PF6]2 (2) and [Au(1)(phen)Cl][PF6]2 (3) based on the proligand pyridyl[1,2‐a]2‐pyridylimidazol‐3‐ylidene hexafluorophosphate (1⋅HPF6) [bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline]. The synthesized complexes were characterized spectroscopically; their geometries and structural arrangements were confirmed by single crystal XRD analysis. Complexes 2 and 3 showed photoluminescence properties at room temperature and the time‐resolved fluorescence decay confirmed the fluorescence lifetimes of 0.54 and 0.62 ns respectively; which were used to demonstrate their direct interaction with bacterial cells. Among the two complexes, complex 3 was found to be more potent against the bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Gram‐positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram‐negative bacteria) with the MIC values of 8.91 μM and 17.82 μM respectively. Studies revealed the binding of the complexes with the fundamental phospholipids present in the cell membrane of bacteria, which was found to be the leading cause of bacterial cell death. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay on 293 T cell lines; emphasizing the potential therapeutic uses of the Au(III)‐NHC complexes to control bacterial infections. Potent antibacterial and antibiofilm therapeutic agents of gold(III)‐NHC complexes were designed, synthesized, characterized, and screened against the antibiotic resistance bacterial strains of both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The complexes were mainly targeting the fundamental phospholipids present in the lipid bilayer of the bacterial membrane, causing the deformation of cell membrane, leaking out of proteins, and ultimately responsible for the death of bacteria.

The study investigates the in vitro antibacterial potentials of stem bark extracts of Persea americana on strains of Bacillus cereus implicated in food poisoning. The crude stem bark extracts and butanolic fraction at a concentration of 25 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL, respectively, exhibited antibacterial activities against test isolates. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the crude extract and the fraction ranged between 10 mm and 26 mm, while the minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged between 0.78 and 5.00 mg/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentrations ranged between 3.12 mg/mL–12.5 mg/mL and 1.25–10 mg/mL for the extract and the fraction, respectively. The butanolic fraction killed 91.49% of the test isolates at a concentration of 2× MIC after 60 min of contact time, while a 100% killing was achieved after the test bacterial cells were exposed to the butanolic fraction at a concentration of 3× MIC after 90 min contact time. Intracellular protein and potassium ion leaked out of the test bacterial cells when exposed to certain concentrations of the fraction; this is an indication of bacterial cell wall disruptions by the extract’s butanolic fraction and, thus, caused a biocidal effect on the cells, as evident in the killing rate test results.

Recent studies suggest gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-translocation to play a role in both systemic inflammation and in inflammatory adipose tissue. We aimed to investigate whether circulating LPS-related inflammatory markers and corresponding genetic expression in adipose tissue were associated with obesity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and dietary habits in patients with coronary artery disease. Patients (n=382) suffering a myocardial infarction 2-8 weeks prior to inclusion were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), taken from the gluteal region, and fasting blood samples were collected at inclusion for determination of genetic expression of LPS-binding protein (LBP), CD14, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 in SAT, and LPS, LBP, and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) in the circulation. All patients filled out a dietary registration form. Patients (median age 74 years, 25% women), had a median body mass index (BMI) of 25.9 kg/m . Circulating levels of LBP correlated to BMI ( =0.02), were significantly higher in overweight or obese (BMI≥25 kg/m ) compared to normal- or underweight patients (BMI<25 kg/m ), and were significantly elevated in patients with T2DM, hypertension, and MetS, compared to patients without ( ≤0.04, all). In SAT, gene expression of CD14 and LBP correlated significantly to BMI ( ≤0.001, both), and CD14 and TLR2 expressions were significantly higher in patients with T2DM and MetS compared to patients without ( ≤0.001, both). Circulating and genetically expressed CD14 associated with use of n-3 PUFAs ( =0.008 and =0.003, respectively). No other significant associations were found between the measured markers and dietary habits. In patients with established CAD, circulating levels of LBP and gene expression of CD14 and TLR2 in SAT were related to obesity, MetS, T2DM, and hypertension. This suggests that the LPS-LBP-CD14 inflammatory axis is activated in the chronic low-grade inflammation associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities, whereas no significant associations with dietary habits were observed.