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"Protestant Reformation"
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Rediscovering the ancient hermeneutic of Rebekah’s character
\\r\\n A careful evaluation of well-documented historical data, along with ancient and modern theological writings, reveals the matriarch Rebekah as one of the most important and controversial\\r\\n individuals of the biblical narrative. Her exceptional beauty, hospitality, morality, faithfulness and sacrificial love were highly admired and praised as iconic by ancient historians,\\r\\n philosophers, the Hebrew community, the Church Fathers and numerous other scholars; yet, some theologians and clerics of the past few 100 years have depicted Rebekah in a negative light. This\\r\\n article intends to highlight this contradiction for the contemporary community of believers by providing an insightful description of the ancient hermeneutics of Rebekah’s story. It further\\r\\n aims to encourage biblical scholars to methodologically re-evaluate Rebekah’s life, investigating possible reasons as to why the positive image of Rebekah has been overturned in recent years,\\r\\n and thereby determine the cause of such a conceptual paradigm shift in interpreting this key biblical narrative.\\r\\n
Journal Article
Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī and Muhammad Iqbal
The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century marked a pivotal transformation in Catholic Christianity in Europe. Spearheaded by Martin Luther (d. 1546), the movement challenged the Pope's supreme authority, criticized the sale of indulgences, and advocated justification by faith and grace alone. The Reformation led to profound changes across Europe. Luther's teachings symbolized reform within religious tradition, aiming to eliminate rigid orthodoxy. Similarly, they inspired Muslim modernists seeking comparable reforms in response to modernity. These reformers valued Reformation ideals, emphasizing individual interpretation of religious texts, the separation of religious and worldly realms, and the exclusion of religious scholars from political authority. Reformers like Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī admired the Reformation's impact on Christianity and saw himself as a Luther within Islam. Muhammad Iqbal analysed the possibility of a Reformation-like movement in the Muslim world in his 1930 Allahabad Address and poetry. This article describes the Protestant Reformation and Luther's theology, highlighting its relevance to and impact on Muslim modernist thought. It focuses on al-Afghānī and Iqbal, exploring the idea of a Luther-like figure in Islam to enact similar reforms.
Journal Article
Heaven’s Wrath
Heaven's Wrath explores the religious thought and religious rites of the early Dutch Atlantic world. D. L. Noorlander argues that the Reformed Church and the West India Company forged and maintained a close union, with considerable consequences across the seventeenth century. Noorlander questions the core assumptions about why the Dutch failed to establish a durable empire in America. He downplays the usual commercial explanations and places the focus instead on the tremendous expenses incurred in the Calvinist-backed war and the Reformed Church's meticulous, worried management of colonial affairs. By pinpointing the issues that hampered the size and import of the Dutch Atlantic world, Noorlander revises core notions about the organization and aims of the Dutch empire, the culture of the West India Company, and the very shape of Dutch society.
eBook
Domestic Subversion as Class Revolution: Dismantling Gender and Destroying Hierarchy in 2 Henry VI
Power is a graph with many axes. In early modern England, as the economic framework shifted and the Protestant Reformation brought religion into debate, these axes became simultaneously unstable and incredibly rigid; definitions were changing, but those with power did whatever necessary to keep it. This essay will examine the classed and gendered continuum of power and the women of 2 Henry VI’s places on it. These women—Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England and Eleanor Cobham, Duchess of Gloucester—are rebellious within their respective marriages. But because the patriarchy and emergent feudal-capitalism are deeply intertwined in the English hierarchal system, true domestic subversion must be in the same moment a class revolution. To subvert a system of oppression, one must do more than restructure the existing cycle of violence and impose oppressive forces upon a new group. In 2 Henry VI, Duchess Eleanor’s dominant femininity—whether consciously or not—represents the true subversion of all systems of English hierarchy; Queen Margaret’s binary masculinity, on the other hand, emulates rather than subverts the patriarchal power which perpetuates cycles of violence within the oppressive feudal-capitalist system.
Journal Article
Tomás Moro ante la \king's great matter\
Abstract A canonical-legal dispute shook 16thcentury s Europe and had lasting political and ecclesiastical repercussions, not least because it concurred with the so-called Protestant Reformation and the separation of the Anglican Church from the Roman Church. Henry VIII claimed that his marriage was void because of the presence of a Bible impediment that forbade marrying the brothers wife, and which could not be dispensed. Key Words Thomas More - marriage - annulment - divorce - great matter. En Deuteronomio 25, 5, se dispone: \"quando habitaverint fratres simul et unus ex eis absque liberis mortuus fuerit uxor defuncti non nubet alteri sed accipiet eam frater eius et suscitabit semen fratris sui\" / \"Si varios hermanos viven juntos y uno de ellos muere sin tener hijos, la mujer del difunto no se casará con un extraño.
Journal Article
This England
This book is a response to a demand for a history which is no less social than political, investigating what it meant to be a citizen of England living through the 1570s and 1580s. It examines the growing conviction of ‘Englishness’ in the sixteenth century, through the rapidly developing English language; the reinforcement of cultural nationalism as a result of the Protestant Reformation; the national and international situation of England at a time of acute national catastrophe; and through Queen Elizabeth I, the last of her line, who remained unmarried throughout her reign, refusing to even discuss the succession to her throne. The book explores the conviction among leading Elizabethans that they were citizens and subjects, also responsible for the safety of their commonwealth. The tensions between this conviction, born from a childhood spent in the Renaissance classics and in the subjection to the Old Testament of the English Bible, and the dynastic claims of the Tudor monarchy, are all explored at length. Studies of a number of writers who fixed the image of sixteenth-century England for some time to come; Foxe, Camden and other pioneers of the discovery of England are also included.
eBook
Religion, Division of Labor, and Conflict
We study the role of economic incentives in shaping the coexistence of Jews, Catholics, and Protestants, using novel data from Germany for 1,000+ cities. The Catholic usury ban and higher literacy rates gave Jews a specific advantage in the moneylending sector. Following the Protestant Reformation (1517), the Jews lost these advantages in regions that became Protestant. We show (i) a change in the geography of anti-Semitism with persecutions of Jews and anti-Jewish publications becoming more common in Protestant areas relative to Catholic areas; (ii) a more pronounced change in cities where Jews had already established themselves as moneylenders. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that, following the Protestant Reformation, Jews living in Protestant regions were exposed to competition with the Christian majority, especially in moneylending, leading to an increase in anti-Semitism.
Journal Article
Was Weber wrong?
Max Weber attributed the higher economic prosperity of Protestant regions to a Protestant work ethic. We provide an alternative theory: Protestant economies prospered because instruction in reading the Bible generated the human capital crucial to economic prosperity. We test the theory using county-level data from late-nineteenth-century Prussia, exploiting the initial concentric dispersion of the Reformation to use distance to Wittenberg as an instrument for Protestantism. We find that Protestantism indeed led to higher economic prosperity, but also to better education. Our results are consistent with Protestants' higher literacy accounting for most of the gap in economic prosperity.
Journal Article
Religious competition and reallocation
Using novel microdata, we document an important, unintended consequence of the Protestant Reformation: a reallocation of resources from religious to secular purposes. To understand this process, we propose a conceptual framework in which the introduction of religious competition shifts political markets where religious authorities provide legitimacy to rulers in exchange for control over resources. Consistent with our framework, religious competition changed the balance of power between secular and religious elites: secular authorities acquired enormous amounts of wealth from monasteries closed during the Reformation, particularly in Protestant regions. This transfer of resources had significant consequences. First, it shifted the allocation of upper-tail human capital. Graduates of Protestant universities increasingly took secular, especially administrative, occupations. Protestant university students increasingly studied secular subjects, especially degrees that prepared students for public sector jobs, rather than church sector specific theology. Second, it affected the sectoral composition of fixed investment. Particularly in Protestant regions, new construction shifted from religious toward secular purposes, especially the building of palaces and administrative buildings, which reflected the increased wealth and power of secular lords. Reallocation was not driven by preexisting economic or cultural differences. Our findings indicate that the Reformation played an important causal role in the secularization of the West.
Journal Article