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"Proto-Indo-European language History."
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The precursors of Proto-Indo-European : the Indo-Anatolian and Indo-Uralic hypotheses
\"In The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European some of the world's leading experts in historical linguistics shed new light on two hypotheses about the prehistory of the Indo-European language family, the so-called Indo-Anatolian and Indo-Uralic hypotheses. The Indo-Anatolian hypothesis states that the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European family should be viewed as a sister language of 'classical' Proto-Indo-European, the ancestor of all the other, non-Anatolian branches. The common ancestor of all Indo-European languages, including Anatolian, can then be called Proto-Indo-Anatolian. The Indo-Uralic hypothesis states that the closest genetic relative of Indo-European is the Uralic language family, and that both derive from a common ancestor called Proto-Indo-Uralic. The book unravels the history of these hypotheses and scrutinizes the evidence for and against them. Contributors are Stefan H. Bauhaus, Rasmus G. Bj²rn, Dag Haug, Petri Kallio, Simona Klemenéciéc, Alwin Kloekhorst, Frederik Kortlandt, Guus Kroonen, Martin J. Kèummel, Milan Lopuhaèa-Zwakenberg, Alexander Lubotsky, Rosemarie Lèuhr, Michaèel Peyrot, Tijmen Pronk, Andrei Sideltsev, Michiel de Vaan, Mikhail Zhivlov\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The precursors of Proto-Indo-European : the Indo-Anatolian and Indo-Uralic hypotheses
The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European contains sixteen contributions that offer the newest insights into the prehistory of Proto-Indo-European, taking the Indo-Anatolian and the Indo-Uralic hypotheses as their point of departure.
eBook
Double-finite Serial Verbs in Sanskrit and later Indo-Aryan
Steever (1988.
. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass) introduced to South Asian linguistics the notion “Serial Verb” – a Dravidian construction in which two morphologically finite verbs agree in person and number features in the same sentence. I show that similar “double-finite” structures are found in Sanskrit/Indo-Aryan, although details differ. One double-finite construction, inherited from Proto-Indo-European, does not seem to have continued in the post-Vedic language, but others do, and similar structures occur in Modern Indo-Aryan languages. While the historical developments are relatively clear for early Indo-Aryan, from Vedic down to Pāli, there are questions about whether the double-finite constructions of Modern Indo-Aryan are inherited , since comparable structures have not been noted in late Middle Indo-Aryan Apabhraṁśa, the near-ancestor of (peninsular) Modern Indo-Aryan. In the conclusion I discuss alternatives to Modern Indo-Aryan inheritance, including areal and typological factors and the proposal by Milizia (2018. Sul presente neoindoarico a doppio verbo finito.
12(n.s.). 93–111) that the perhaps most widespread Modern Indo-Aryan double-finite construction results from analogical developments. (Unfortunately, the latter proposal does not account for the other Modern Indo-Aryan double-finite constructions.)
Journal Article
On Ancient Greek φράσσω
Originally, φράσσω ‘enclose, fence in, secure, fortify, block’ was a three-place verb meaning ‘to enclose, cover something with something’, as shown not only by the syntax and semantics of its Homeric and post-Homeric occurrences, but also by its lexical family within Ancient Greek, which includes the Hesychian glosses φαρκ-άζω* ‘conceal’ and φόρξ* ‘fence’. These considerations allow for a new analysis, supported by exact matches in Germanic languages and in Hittite, of φράσσω and φόρξ* as two inherited formations reflecting Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥gʰ-i̯ó/é- ‘enclose’ and *bʰr̥gʰ-s ‘enclosing’, respectively. The study further discusses the development of a Proto-Greek ‘neo-root’ *√pʰr̥k ‘enclose, fence in’, which was re-analyzed and extracted from these inherited terms and from which new words were derived, including the Hesychian gloss φύρκος ‘wall’ (whose problematic root vowel may be explained in various ways) and the name of the sea-god Φόρκῡς/Φόρκος, whose characterization was probably a reflex of the Ancient Greek (and apparently already Indo-European) mythological motif of the ‘serpent-like world-enclosing water-deity’.
Journal Article
Werewolf and wilkołak: The history of the monster and its unspeakable name
This article aims to examine the history of werewolves and the origins of their names in English (werewolf) and Polish (wilkołak). It explores the figure of the monster from multiple perspectives, beginning with its cultural background and the etymology of the beast’s name in Polish and English. The study presents a linguistic comparison of the English word wolf and its Polish equivalent wilk as a pair of cognates, analyzing their phonological, morphological, and semantic features. The findings highlight that as the perception of the beast has changed throughout history, its name has evolved as well. Since wolves were one of the most feared predators and enemies of Indo-Europeans, the animals as well as their names were associated with fear. This association likely explains why our ancestors believed in the possibility of transformation into these creatures and why their name was surrounded by linguistic taboos. Moreover, the analysis of the English word wolf and the Polish word wilk leads to the conclusion that these words are indeed cognates, both having developed from the same Proto-Indo-European root *ulkw-o-.
Journal Article
Binding and Smiting
The purpose of this paper is to offer evidence for a set of related formulaic expressions meaning ‘bond and blow’, ‘of binding and smiting’, and ‘the substitute for binding and smiting’ in Luvian cuneiform texts of the second millennium BCE. The passages where the relevant formulae are attested have resisted a coherent interpretation thus far. Our argumentation is three-pronged. First, we resort to the combinatorial method to show that these formulae occur in the vicinity of other merisms, and therefore are likely to constitute the same figure of speech. Furthermore, we endeavor to demonstrate based on context that they denote something related to strong physical impact. The argument involves a great deal of restored text, but although voluminous, the contexts are so repetitive that the restorations appear warranted. Second, we use the etymological method in order to justify the claim that the roots supplying their reflexes to our formulae are Proto-Indo-European *seh₂ ‘to bind’ and * wedh ‘to strike, smite’. The derivation of each of the derivatives occurring in the bipartite merisms under discussion is addressed in some detail, and additional evidence from a Luwian hieroglyphic inscription Kululu 1 is adduced to flesh out our hypothesis. Third, we provide typological discussion facilitating the interpretation of “binding” and “smiting” in the context of the Hittite-Luvian antiwitchcraft rituals. It turns out that hostile witchcraft has a potential to both “bind” (paralyze) and “smite” (cause to suffer) the body parts of its victim. As a whole, the paper represents a contribution to the ongoing decipherment of the Luvian language.
Journal Article
Latin in Modern Fiction: Who Says It's a Dead Language?: Aldous Huxley
Keywords: ablative of means/instrument, ancient history, ancient Rome, aphorism, axiom, classical studies, comparative linguistics, deponent verb, derivative, gerund, gerundive, grammar, indicative mood, infinitive, jussive verb, Latin quotation, Latin reference, lexicon, maxim, motto, mythology, predicate accusative, predicate nominative, Proto-Indo-European, proverb, Romance languages, roots, semantics, subjunctive mood, syntax, system of cases, system of tenses, tradition.
Journal Article
Archaic features of the Gheg Albanian dialect
The seclusion of the Albanian language and its dialects have preserved ancient elements that when examined, remove its uncertain position within the Indo-European family of languages. Through the lens of historical linguistics, the history of Albanians and drastic social conditions in their early history reveal patterns within the development of this early language, which has seldom been examined due to historical suppression. The ancient Greeks and Romans classified outsiders as barbarians, or those who spoke a different language. Albanian presented itself in ancient Greece and Rome first by the Pelasgians, or Illyrians, contrasting to those in the Italian Peninsula by both language and culture. The Greco-Roman narrative does not acknowledge the many tribal systems that existed nor other neighboring cultures. The most primitive tribal system in Europe, according to the anthropologist Carleton S. Coon, is located in northern or Gheg, Albania. Regarding the Gheg Albanian people Coon states, \"To the sociologist brought up on European and American subject matter it is an event to discover a primitive system in operation only 250 miles from Rome, in the 20th century\" (1950:22). The Gheg people have retained the oldest features of the Albanian language that when compared with the modern Tosk Albanian dialect, reveal Gheg Albanian's similarities with Homeric Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Hittite, and the Proto Indo-European language.
Journal Article