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Background Childhood trauma is associated with development of depression, yet a comprehensive investigation into the relationship between childhood trauma and depression severity, as well as cognitive impairment and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) levels remains to be fully explored. Methods A total of 97 patients undergoing first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression and 60 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in this study. The evaluation included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), Beck depression inventory (BDI), Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), Repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) scores and n-3 PUFAs levels. Results Emotional abuse ( p  < 0.000), sexual abuse ( p  = 0.002) and CTQ total scores ( p  = 0.001) were significantly higher in first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depressed patients compared to healthy controls. Additionally, depressed patients with a history of childhood trauma exhibited higher scores on HAMA ( p  = 0.043), SAS ( p  = 0.009) and BDI ( p  = 0.032), along with lower eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels ( p  = 0.025). Subsequent analysis revealed positive correlations between CTQ total score and HAMA ( p  = 0.0389), SAS ( p  = 0.0112), HAMD ( p  = 0.0398) and BDI scores ( p  = 0.0323), and negative correlations with EPA level ( p  = -0.2843) and delayed memory ( p  = 0.0444), as determined by Pearson correlation analysis. Conclusions We report for the first time that first-diagnosed drug-naïve patients experienced more severe childhood trauma than healthy controls. Furthermore, depressed individuals with a history of childhood trauma exhibited more pronounced clinical characteristics of depression and lower level of EPA. Notably, childhood trauma was associated with depression severity, delayed memory impairment and lower EPA levels.

Many children in the child welfare system (CWS) have histories of recurrent interpersonal trauma perpetrated by caregivers early in life often referred to as complex trauma. Children in the CWS also experience a diverse range of reactions across multiple areas of functioning that are associated with such exposure. Nevertheless, few CWSs routinely screen for trauma exposure and associated symptoms beyond an initial assessment of the precipitating event. This study examines trauma histories, including complex trauma exposure (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, domestic violence), posttraumatic stress, and behavioral and emotional problems of 2,251 youth (age 0 to 21; M = 9.5, SD = 4.3) in foster care who were referred to a National Child Traumatic Stress Network site for treatment. High prevalence rates of complex trauma exposure were observed: 70.4% of the sample reported at least two of the traumas that constitute complex trauma; 11.7% of the sample reported all 5 types. Compared to youth with other types of trauma, those with complex trauma histories had significantly higher rates of internalizing problems, posttraumatic stress, and clinical diagnoses, and differed on some demographic variables. Implications for child welfare practice and future research are discussed.

\"Lost Childhoods focuses on the life-course histories of 30 young men serving time in the Pennsylvania adult prison system for crimes they committed when they were minors. The narratives of these young men, their friends, and relatives reveal the invisible yet deep-seated connection between the childhood traumas they suffered and the violent criminal behavior they committed during adolescence. By living through domestic violence, poverty, the crack epidemic, and other circumstances, these men were forced to grow up fast, all while familial ties that should have sustained them were broken at each turn. The book goes on to connect large-scale social policy decisions and its effect on family dynamics and demonstrates the limits of punitive justice\"--Provided by publisher.

Background The elevated prolactin levels in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) schizophrenia patients may correlate with long-term stress caused by childhood trauma. This study aimed to assess the relationship between elevated prolactin levels and childhood trauma in FEDN schizophrenia patients, while also considering sex differences. Methods Utilizing a cross-sectional design, the study involved 88 FEDN schizophrenia patients and 76 healthy controls (HCs). Evaluations encompassed measuring prolactin levels in peripheral blood and assessing mental health using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF), as well as evaluating resilience with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), perceived social support with the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and demographic characteristics to control for confounding factors. A mediation model was constructed using the RMediation package of the R software. Methods The results suggested prolactin levels in FEDN schizophrenia patients were higher than in HCs(t=-9.938, p  = 0.000). Group classification (HCs vs. FEDN schizophrenia patients) (t = 9.291, p  = 0.000) and sex (t = 3.282, p  = 0.001) were influential factors for prolactin levels. Elevated prolactin(OR = 1.007, p  = 0.000), along with higher scores for childhood emotional(OR = 1.469, p  = 0.006)andsexual abuse(OR = 1.592, p  = 0.018) and lower social support(OR = 0.946, p  = 0.026), were associated with the onset of schizophrenia. Positive correlations were found between prolactin levels and childhood emotional ( r  = 0.268, p  = 0.002) /sexual abuse( r  = 0.264, p  = 0.002), with no sex differences. No significant relationship was observed between prolactin levels and PANSS scores. Mediation analysis revealed that childhood emotional abuse (95% CI: [0.059 ~ 0.293]) and sexual abuse (95% CI: [0.086 ~ 0.439]) had significant indirect effects on schizophrenia, mediated by elevated prolactin levels. Conclusion These findings suggest that childhood trauma may be associated with the onset of schizophrenia by influencing prolactin levels, highlighting the complex interplay between hormonal disruptions and early-life stress in the development of schizophrenia.

Background The psychosocial factors play an important role in the development of depression in adolescents. we used metabolomics techniques to explore the links among childhood trauma, rumination, resilience, and adolescent depression. Methods We selected 57 adolescent depression patients and 53 healthy adolescents. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Redundant Thinking Response Scale (RRS) were employed for the purpose of psychological assessment. The patients were regrouped according to their scores using the 27% high-low grouping method. Blood specimens were collected from all adolescents and metabolic data were obtained using LC–MS. Results We found no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). HAMD, CTQ, and RRS scores were significantly higher in the adolescent depression group (MDD) than in the adolescent healthy control group (HC), and CD-RISP scores were significantly lower than in the HC group ( P  < 0.001). There were significant differences between the low childhood trauma group (LCT) and high childhood trauma group (HCT), the low rumination group (LRR) and high rumination group (HRR), and the low resilience group (LPR) and high resilience group (HPR) ( P  < 0.001). RRS, CTQ and HAMD scores were positively correlated, RRS and CTQ scores were positively correlated, CD-RIS was negatively correlated with HAMD, RRS and CTQ scores ( P  < 0.01). More importantly, we found that DHEAS and LPA (22:6) were identified as significant differential metabolites in both the depressed and normal groups, as well as in the high and low childhood trauma groups. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid and DHEAS were identified as significant differential metabolites in both the depressed and normal groups, as well as in the high and low childhood rumination groups. Pseudouridine and LPA(22:6) were identified as significant differential metabolites in both the depressed and normal groups, as well as in the high and low childhood resilience groups. Conclusion Psychological factors (childhood trauma, rumination, resilience) are biologically linked to the development of depression in adolescents. The impact of rumination on adolescent depression may be associated with DHEA. The impact of childhood trauma and resilience on adolescent depression may be associated with LPA (22:6).

Applying Trauma-Sensitive Practices in School Counseling is an essential text for school counselors who need the research, knowledge, and skills to intervene and positively impact the educational outcomes for students with trauma. This practice-based guide begins with Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). Through case studies and current research, school counselors will learn how trauma effects brain development, social-emotional development, behavior, and academic learning for children and adolescents. The research in the first section leads to a variety of trauma-sensitive strategies for school counselors in the second section. Included are trauma-sensitive programs that school counselors can implement school-wide, along with tools and strategies school counselors can apply in personal practice. Case studies of students with ACEs who improved behaviorally or academically due to school counseling interventions demonstrate the effectiveness of the tools offered in the text. With up-to-date information about chronic stress in childhood and practical strategies that can be adapted and implemented, this guidebook is crucial for school counselors, especially those who support students with ACEs.

Background Sustained attention deficits were reported more significant in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) than in healthy controls (HCs), and are pivotal in both the development and aggravation of depression. Childhood trauma is also common in MDD and the exposure to childhood trauma may impede sustained attention and increase the treatment resistance in MDD. However, the underlying neuro-mechanisms link the childhood trauma to sustained attention deficits in MDD remain unclear. Methods We collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data, and measured childhood trauma severity using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test, Identical Pairs version. After excluding subjects with significant head movement, 45 MDDs and 54 HCs were included in the analysis. We compared fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) between the groups, conducted whole-brain correlation analysis between the fALFF and sustained attention in the MDD group, and defined significant regions as the regions of interest for the seed-to-whole brain functional connectivity (FC) analysis. We further performed mediation analyses to investigate the relationships among the childhood trauma, fALFF and FC values, and the level of sustained attention in the MDD group. Results Compared with HCs, MDDs exhibited higher fALFF in the right middle frontal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus, and lower fALFF in the bilateral insular cortex, left medial orbital superior frontal gyrus and left angular gyrus (ANG.L). Whole-brain correlation analysis showed that impaired sustained attention was associated with increased fALFF in the left postcentral gyrus (PoCG.L), and FC of PoCG.L-left precentral gyrus (PreCG.L) and ANG.L-right superior temporal gyrus (STG.R) in the MDD group. Furthermore, mediation analyses showed that the fALFF in PoCG.L, and FC of PoCG.L-PreCG.L and ANG.L-STG.R mediated the relationship between the childhood trauma and sustained attention in the MDD group. Conclusion The fALFF in PoCG.L, and FC of PoCG.L-PreCG.L and ANG.L-STG.R might be potential neural substrate in the association between the childhood trauma and poor sustained attention in the MDDs, and might serve as potential intervention targets for the treatment of sustained attention deficits in MDDs with childhood trauma history.

In the United States, unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) are a diverse and extremely vulnerable group served by social workers about whom there is little research. URMs enter the United States from many lands without parents or kin, often having experienced war and other traumatic events. Using a risk and resilience framework, we summarize the research on URMs, illustrating the challenges and issues with a case study of a resilient Lost Boy from Sudan who became a social worker. We discuss strengths, coping strategies, and resilience, exploring the ways in which many URMs are able to effectively meet the challenge of adapting to a new country and culture, thriving despite the extreme adversity they have experienced, as well as sources of resilience within URMs that have allowed them to adapt and even thrive in a vastly different cultural environment despite exposure to multiple risks. These sources of resilience include positive outlook, use of healthy coping mechanisms and religiosity, and connectedness to prosocial organizations. We conclude with recommendations for social work research to better understand the nature of risk and resilience among URMs.