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"Psychopathologie."
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Psychopathology and world politics
\"This unique work looks at the relationship between psychopathology and world politics. What happens when the brain/mind ceases to function properly? How does this impinge on world affairs? What is to be done, for example, when a leader ceases to act in a seemingly sane fashion and yet still commands the loyalty of those who maintain him or her in office? What is to be done when a leader's advisers seem rational but are clearly not? Indeed, what is to be done when a whole society goes insane? This is to raise more questions than a single work can adequately answer.\" -- Publisher's website.
Book
Putting the “mental” back in “mental disorders”: a perspective from research on fear and anxiety
Mental health problems often involve clusters of symptoms that include subjective (conscious) experiences as well as behavioral and/or physiological responses. Because the bodily responses are readily measured objectively, these have come to be emphasized when developing treatments and assessing their effectiveness. On the other hand, the subjective experience of the patient reported during a clinical interview is often viewed as a weak correlate of psychopathology. To the extent that subjective symptoms are related to the underlying problem, it is often assumed that they will be taken care of if the more objective behavioral and physiological symptoms are properly treated. Decades of research on anxiety disorders, however, show that behavioral and physiological symptoms do not correlate as strongly with subjective experiences as is typically assumed. Further, the treatments developed using more objective symptoms as a marker of psychopathology have mostly been disappointing in effectiveness. Given that “mental” disorders are named for, and defined by, their subjective mental qualities, it is perhaps not surprising, in retrospect, that treatments that have sidelined mental qualities have not been especially effective. These negative attitudes about subjective experience took root in psychiatry and allied fields decades ago when there were few avenues for scientifically studying subjective experience. Today, however, cognitive neuroscience research on consciousness is thriving, and offers a viable and novel scientific approach that could help achieve a deeper understanding of mental disorders and their treatment.
Journal Article
Child psychopathology : from infancy to adolescence
This undergraduate textbook covers the classification, causes, treatment and prevention of psychological disorders in the infant through the adolescent years. Chapters balance the social and historical context of psychopathology with the physiological roots of abnormal behavior, leading students to a comprehensive understanding of child psychopathology. The book is totally up-to-date, including coverage of the DSM5 and criticisms of it. In four sections, this textbook describes the empirical bases of child psychopathology as well as the practice of child psychologists, outlining the classification and causes of disorders in addition to methods of assessment, intervention and treatment. Students will be able to evaluate the treatments used by professionals and debunk popular myths about atypical behavior and its treatment. Complementing the lively writing style, text boxes, clinical case studies and numerous examples from international cultures and countries add context to chapter material. Study questions, diagrams and a glossary offer further learning support.-- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
A Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology Can Transform Mental Health Research
For more than a century, research on psychopathology has focused on categorical diagnoses. Although this work has produced major discoveries, growing evidence points to the superiority of a dimensional approach to the science of mental illness. Here we outline one such dimensional system—the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)—that is based on empirical patterns of co-occurrence among psychological symptoms. We highlight key ways in which this framework can advance mental-health research, and we provide some heuristics for using HiTOP to test theories of psychopathology. We then review emerging evidence that supports the value of a hierarchical, dimensional model of mental illness across diverse research areas in psychological science. These new data suggest that the HiTOP system has the potential to accelerate and improve research on mental-health problems as well as efforts to more effectively assess, prevent, and treat mental illness.
Journal Article
A stable and replicable neural signature of lifespan adversity in the adult brain
Environmental adversities constitute potent risk factors for psychiatric disorders. Evidence suggests the brain adapts to adversity, possibly in an adversity-type and region-specific manner. However, the long-term effects of adversity on brain structure and the association of individual neurobiological heterogeneity with behavior have yet to be elucidated. Here we estimated normative models of structural brain development based on a lifespan adversity profile in a longitudinal at-risk cohort aged 25 years (
n
= 169). This revealed widespread morphometric changes in the brain, with partially adversity-specific features. This pattern was replicated at the age of 33 years (
n
= 114) and in an independent sample at 22 years (
n
= 115). At the individual level, greater volume contractions relative to the model were predictive of future anxiety. We show a stable neurobiological signature of adversity that persists into adulthood and emphasize the importance of considering individual-level rather than group-level predictions to explain emerging psychopathology.
In a birth cohort, Holz et al. found widespread structural brain changes at the age of 25 years as a function of adversity. This pattern was replicated at the age of 33 years and in another cohort. Individual-level volume reductions on top of this pattern predicted anxiety.
Journal Article
Impact of COVID-19 on Public Mental Health and the Buffering Effect of a Sense of Coherence
Introduction: It is claimed that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative impact on mental health. However, to date, prospective studies are lacking. Moreover, it is important to identify which factors modulate the stress response to the pandemic. Previously, sense of coherence (SOC) has emerged as a particularly important resistance factor. Objective: This prospective study aimed to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and to investigate the ability of pre-outbreak SOC levels to predict changes in psychopathological symptoms. Methods: This study assessed psychopathological symptoms and SOC before and after the COVID-19 outbreak as well as post-outbreak COVID-19-related traumatic distress in a German-speaking sample (n =1,591). Bivariate latent change score (BLCS) modeling was used to analyze pre- to post-outbreak changes in psychopathological symptoms and the ability of SOC to predict symptom changes. Results: Overall, there was no change in psychopathological symptoms. However, on an individual-respondent level, 10% experienced a clinically significant increase in psychopathological symptoms and 15% met cut-off criteria for COVID-19-related traumatic distress. Using BLCS modeling, we identified a high-stress group experiencing an increase in psychopathological symptoms and a decrease in SOC and a low-stress group showing the reversed pattern. Changes in SOC and psychopathological symptoms were predicted by pre-outbreak SOC and psychopathological symptom levels. Conclusions: Although mental health was stable in most respondents, a small group of respondents characterized by low levels of SOC experienced increased psychopathological symptoms from pre- to post-outbreak. Thus, SOC training might be a promising approach to enhance the resistance to stressors.
Journal Article
The impact of psychosocial adversity on brain and behaviour: an overview of existing knowledge and directions for future research
Environmental experiences play a critical role in shaping the structure and function of the brain. Its plasticity in response to different external stimuli has been the focus of research efforts for decades. In this review, we explore the effects of adversity on brain’s structure and function and its implications for brain development, adaptation, and the emergence of mental health disorders. We are focusing on adverse events that emerge from the immediate surroundings of an individual, i.e., microenvironment. They include childhood maltreatment, peer victimisation, social isolation, affective loss, domestic conflict, and poverty. We also take into consideration exposure to environmental toxins. Converging evidence suggests that different types of adversity may share common underlying mechanisms while also exhibiting unique pathways. However, they are often studied in isolation, limiting our understanding of their combined effects and the interconnected nature of their impact. The integration of large, deep-phenotyping datasets and collaborative efforts can provide sufficient power to analyse high dimensional environmental profiles and advance the systematic mapping of neuronal mechanisms. This review provides a background for future research, highlighting the importance of understanding the cumulative impact of various adversities, through data-driven approaches and integrative multimodal analysis techniques.
Journal Article
A Guide to Clinical Psychology: Psychopathology
Clinical psychology in the past few decades has shown explosive growth and today is the single largestsubfieldofpsychologists. It focuses on the biological, cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral aspects of human functioning in varying age, socioeconomic, clinical, and cultural groups. While clinical psychology was mainly concerned with mental health, a number of sub-specialties have emerged including child mental health, adult mental health, learning disabilities, emotional disturbances, substance abuse, geriatrics, female psychology andhealth psychology. Health Psychology is concerned with the psychological contributions to promote and maintain health, to study the etiological and diagnostic correlates of health and illness and to prevent and manage illnesses. This compilation includes contributions of mental health professionals from across the globe working in diverse areas related to clinical psychology. Topics include: Aggression, Stigma of Psychiatric Disorders, Psychological Aspects of Rape, Emotional Divorce, Domestic Violence against Women, Perimenopause, Female Sexuality, Suicide, ADHD, Schizophrenia, Delusional Misidentification Syndromes, Depression, Suicide, Alcohol Dependence, Smoking Cessation, Internet Addiction, Cyber Fraud, Social Media Use, and mental health effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
eBook
The assessment of successful emotion regulation skills use: Development and validation of an English version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire
Emotion regulation has become an important topic in mental health and psychotherapy research. Skills supposingly relevant for adaptive responses towards emotions include the abilities to be consciously aware of emotions, identify and correctly label emotions, understand what has caused and maintains one's present emotions, modify the intensity or duration of one's emotions, accept and tolerate undesired emotions, confront situations likely to cue negative emotions, and provide effective self-support when working to cope with challenging emotions. To economically assess these abilities, a self-report measure has been developed in German and validated in various studies. To facilitate the use of the measure in English speaking countries, we have developed and validated an English version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ) in a student sample (n = 263) and a sample of individual clinical sample (n = 35). Findings from this study provide significant evidence for the reliability and validity of the ERSQ. Thus, the measure can be used to assess a broad range of important emotion regulation skills in an economic way.
Journal Article
Affective and anxiety disorders in patients with different rare chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
We aimed to identify the prevalence of affective and anxiety disorders across different rare disease and identify correlates of psychopathology. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched Medline, PSYNDEX, PsycINFO for observational studies examining clinically diagnosed affective and/or anxiety disorders in adults with rare chronic diseases. Two researchers reviewed titles and abstracts independently and, for eligible studies, independently extracted data. The prevalence rates were pooled using a random intercept logistic regression model. We published a review protocol (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018106614CRD42018106614). We identified and screened 34 402 records for eligibility and considered 39 studies in the qualitative and 37 studies in the quantitative analysis, including N = 5951 patients with 24 different rare diseases. Heterogeneity between studies was large. Prevalence rates ranged widely between studies, with pooled prevalence estimates of 13.1% (95% CI 9.6–17.7%; I2 = 87%, p < 0.001) for current and 39.3% (95% CI 31.7–47.4%; I2 = 84%, p < 0.001) for lifetime major depressive disorder, 21.2% (95% CI 15.4–28.6%; I2 = 90%, p < 0.001) for current and 46.1% (95% CI 35.8–56.8%; I2 = 90%, p < 0.001) for lifetime affective disorders, and 39.6% (95% CI 25.5–55.6%; I2 = 96%, p < 0.001) for current and 44.2% (95% CI 27.0–62.9%; I2 = 94%, p < 0.001) for lifetime anxiety disorders. Sensitivity analyses excluding studies of low quality revealed nearly the same results. We conducted the first systematic review examining affective and anxiety disorders in adults with different rare diseases and found high prevalence rates. Supporting patients in disease adjustment can be crucial for their overall health and well-being.
Journal Article