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"Psychopathology"
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Modeling environment through a general exposome factor in two independent adolescent cohorts
Exposures to perinatal, familial, social, and physical environmental stimuli can have substantial effects on human development. We aimed to generate a single measure that capture’s the complex network structure of the environment (ie, exposome) using multi-level data (participant’s report, parent report, and geocoded measures) of environmental exposures (primarily from the psychosocial environment) in two independent adolescent cohorts: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study, N = 11 235; mean age, 10.9 years; 47.7% females) and an age- and sex-matched sample from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC, N = 4993). We conducted a series of data-driven iterative factor analyses and bifactor modeling in the ABCD Study, reducing dimensionality from 348 variables tapping to environment to six orthogonal exposome subfactors and a general (adverse) exposome factor. The general exposome factor was associated with overall psychopathology (B = 0.28, 95% CI, 0.26-0.3) and key health-related outcomes: obesity (odds ratio [OR] , 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.5) and advanced pubertal development (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5). A similar approach in PNC reduced dimensionality of environment from 29 variables to 4 exposome subfactors and a general exposome factor. PNC analyses yielded consistent associations of the general exposome factor with psychopathology (B = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.13-0.17), obesity (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.6), and advanced pubertal development (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1-1.6). In both cohorts, inclusion of exposome factors greatly increased variance explained in overall psychopathology compared with models relying solely on demographics and parental education (from <4% to >38% in ABCD; from <4% to >18.5% in PNC). Findings suggest that a general exposome factor capturing multi-level environmental exposures can be derived and can consistently explain variance in youth’s mental and general health.
Journal Article
Psychological and psychopathological sequelae in cardiovascular acute disease
The burden of mental illness is profound and growing. Each year, almost one in three adults in the non-institutionalized community has a diagnosable mental or addictive disorder, and this figure climbs to approximately 40% among emergency departments patients. We described the principal cardiovascular acute disease and their emotional and behavioral consequences where psychological intervention could improve the care pathway and clinical outcome. Peer-reviewed articles from Medline, Psycinfo, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane library, about psychological and psychopathological sequelae in cardiovascular acute disease were searched. The psychological and psychopathological sequelae associated to stroke include emotional and behavioral changes and cognitive impairment. Fear, symptoms of depression, anxiety or specific post-traumatic symptoms like intrusions, hyper-arousal and/or cognitive avoidance are common in people suffering of cardiovascular acute disease treated at emergency departments. In emergency departments, health personnel must recognize psychological and psychopatho-logical sequelae in cardiovascular acute disease in order to develop effective interventions for these patients. Identify factors that are associated with both psychological distress and physical distress and promote interventions aimed at reducing psychological distress and improving psychological health empowerment is an important element to consider in order to offer the best care to vulnerable population as that suffering of cardiovascular acute disease.
Journal Article
Where art thou? Reflecting on auditory hallucinosis
IntroductionHallucinosis has evolved out of classification systems but what about patients who present with exclusive or almost exclusive hallucinations? Auditory hallucinations are especially likely to swiftly be considered due to psychiatric illness.An elderly patient with chronic auditory hallucinations without other significant psychopathology nor other symptoms prompted reflection and literature review.ObjectivesTo review differential diagnosis of auditory hallucinosis.MethodsPubmed search for terms: auditory and hallucinosis.ResultsHallucinations should be evaluated according to: type, onset and evolution, association with physical and /or neurological symptoms, association with other hallucinations and/or other psychopathology, characteristics.Auditory hallucinations may present along a continuum from tinnitus, simple, verbal, musical.The Pubmed search retrieved articles pertaining to auditory hallucinations associated with:1. Sensory deprivation; 2. Hearing loss, auditory Charles Bonnet syndrome; 3. Dementia, neurodegenerative disorders; 4. Brainstem lesions; 5. Other central nervous lesions: thalamus, temporal, other; 6. Epilepsy; 7. Tic disorders; 8. Alcohol use disorders; 9. Borderline personality disorder; 10. Others.ConclusionsPatients presenting with auditory hallucinosis should be carefully evaluated to exclude non-psychiatric disorders.In some patients, such as the one who prompted the review, an identifiable cause may not yet be found.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Journal Article
Resistance to Extinction and Psychopathology, With New Evidence of How a CS Can Act Like a US in The Sexual conditioning of Male Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
This paper is organized in three sections. In the first section, we discuss the relevance of comparative psychology to clinical issues by relating resistance to extinction to psychological disorders involving anxiety, addiction, and fetishism. In the second section, we review areas of comparative psychology that deal in one way or another with the general problem of treating an insignificant event as it were significant. We describe research on supernormal stimuli, evaluative conditioning, acquired drives, incentive sensitization, and consummatory response theory. In the third section of the paper, we present new research on second-order sexual conditioning of male Japanese quail related to the consummatory response theory. First-order conditioning was conducted by pairing the presentation of a terrycloth object (CS1 or conditioned stimulus 1) with copulation with a female (the US or unconditioned stimulus). The male quail came to approach the terrycloth object during the first-order conditioning phase. In addition, about half of the quail also showed conditioned consummatory responses directed towards the terrycloth object. During the second-order conditioning phase, the terrycloth object was used to condition responding to a light (CS2) in the absence of further exposures to the unconditioned stimulus. Birds that showed conditioned consummatory behavior towards CS1 persisted in this behavior during the second-order phase and showed successful second-order conditioning of the light. In contrast, birds that failed to develop conditioned consummatory responses to CS1 showed rapid extinction and minimal second-order conditioning. The implications of these finding for learning theory and for psychopathology are discussed.
Journal Article
trauma e o Édipo na psicopatologia de Emma a Irma
Apresentamos uma leitura teórica da psicopatologia de Freud e Lacan. Inicialmente, recuperamos fragmentos clínicos de Emma, paciente que Freud diagnostica como histérica devido a uma vivência traumática de abuso sexual. Em seguida, retomamos o sonho em que Freud reencontra a paciente. Emma, posteriormente conhecida como Irma, relata sentir dores intensas na garganta. No sonho, a garganta da jovem retorna a Freud, denunciando a falha de sua psicopatologia. Entre Emma e Irma, Freud introduz o Édipo como nova interpretação da etiologia da neurose. Mais do que postular o saber edípico como aquele que responde ao enigma do sintoma, o autor restaura a contradição da poesia trágica. Certamente Lacan esteve atento à leitura freudiana, aproximando-se igualmente do discurso filosófico e matemático. Pela fórmula matemática, análoga àquele impressa na garganta de Irma, vislumbramos um objeto central para pensar a psicopatologia psicanalítica.
Journal Article