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\" Holland provides a deft philosophical guide to a wide range of complex issues in the collection, storage and use of public health data. His overarching argument, that concerns about informational privacy have gone too far, is well-developed; researchers, regulators and ethicists should all reflect on it\"--Back cover.

IntroductionOut of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) is a significant healthcare issue, with 90,000 incidents annually in England. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is achieved in 1/3 of cases and mortality is between 8 and 10%. Prompt defibrillation where appropriate, is one of the key actions in the chain of survival to achieve ROSC. One of many issues includes directing the involved bystanders to the Public Access Defibrillators (PADs). The British Heart Foundation initiative ‘the circuit’ has sought to document PAD locations in an attempt to increase usage. Accordingly, we studied PAD locations across a large geographically and socially diverse area in the East of England (EoE) and studied the availability, usage and effect on outcomes, with the hypothesis that the outcomes of OHCA patients would be better in areas of higher PAD availability.MethodsPAD location across the South EoE was obtained through research request to ‘the circuit.’ Through established data sharing with the EoE Ambulance service, OHCA location (postcode), PAD usage and mortality outcomes were known for April to September 2022. Middle super output area geographical data was used to model defibrillator densities per 100,000 of population and areas were stratified into quintiles based on the 2019 index of multiple deprivation.ResultsTotal 1649 OHCA were recorded; PADs were available in 1302 (79%) cases and used in 132 (10.1%) of the cases. ROSC at scene was achieved in 23.3% of cases with overall 30-day survival of 6.2%.Luton, the most deprived area in the EoE has the lowest rate of defibrillators in the area, statistically significantly lower than the average for the EoE (16.9 PADs/100,000 vs mean of 72.0/100,000) with significantly less OHCAs occurring within a 500m radius of a PAD compared to the EoE average (37.5% vs 57.6%). Overall incidents of OHCA, availability and usage were higher in more affluent areas. Higher proportions of ROSC were achieved in the most deprived area.QuintileROSC All (At scene or hospital)Incidents% ROSC All (At scene or hospital)1 (Most Deprived)14323361.4%213028046.4%315334444.5%418840047.0%5 (Least Deprived)18739247.7%Total801164948.6%AreaDefibrillatorsPopulationDefibrillator rate per 100,000Luton36213,52816.9Southend-on-Sea67182,77336.7Peterborough94202,62646.4Bedford86174,68749.2Essex8891,410,47963.0Cambridgeshire587657,20489.3Suffolk785761,246103.1Norfolk947914,039103.6East of England4,3816,084,28972.0ConclusionOverall, despite PADs being widely available in the EoE, overall utilization is low, regardless of PAD density. There is a disparity in the availability and usage of PADs across the socio-economic quintiles within the EoE with no clear correlation that densities of PADs affect outcome of OHCAs. This data should be used for more nuanced decision-making on PAD location. Future work should focus to prioritize community awareness and education initiatives at increasing the utilization of available PADs.Abstract 44 Table 1ROSC achieved in locations split into 5 quintiles based on socio-economic deprivation with Quintile 1= most deprived and Quintile 5= least deprived Quintile ROSC All (At scene or hospital) Incidents % ROSC All (At scene or hospital) 1 (Most Deprived)14323361.4%213028046.4%315334444.5%418840047.0%5 (Least Deprived)18739247.7% Total 801 1649 48.6 % Abstract 44 Table 2Availability of PADs across East of England Area Defibrillators Population Defibrillator rate per 100,000 Luton36213,52816.9Southend-on-Sea67182,77336.7Peterborough94202,62646.4Bedford86174,68749.2Essex8891,410,47963.0Cambridgeshire587657,20489.3Suffolk785761,246103.1Norfolk947914,039103.6 East of England 4,381 6,084,289 72.0 Conflict of InterestNone

Introduction: In 2022, the U.S. government released new guidelines for making publicly funded research open and available. For the National Science Foundation (NSF), these policies reinforce requirements in place since 2016 for supported research to be submitted to the Public Access Repository (PAR). Methods: To evaluate the public access compliance of research articles submitted to the NSF-PAR, this study searched for NSF-PAR records published between 2017 and 2021 from two research intensive institutions. Records were reviewed to determine whether the PAR held a deposited copy, as required by the 2016 policies, or provided a link out to publisher-held version(s). Results: A total of 841 unique records were identified, all with publicly accessible versions. Yet only 42% had a deposited PDF version available in the repository as required by the NSF 2016 Public Access Policy. The remaining 58% directed instead to publisher-held versions. In total, only 55% of record links labeled “Full Text Available” directed users to a publicly accessible version with a single click. Discussion: Records within PAR do not clearly direct users to the publicly accessible full text. In almost half of records, the most prominently displayed link directed users to a paywall version, even when a publicly available version existed. Records accessible only through the CHORUS (Clearing House for the Open Research of the United States) initiative were further obscured by requiring specialized navigation of publisher-owned sites. Conclusion: Despite having a repository mandate since 2016, NSF compliance rates remain low. Additional support and/or oversight is needed to address the additional requirements introduced under the 2022 memo.

Abstract Public access defibrillation initiatives make automated external defibrillators available to the public. This facilitates earlier defibrillation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims and could save many lives. It is currently only used for a minority of cases. The aim of this systematic review was to identify barriers and facilitators to public access defibrillation. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken defining formal search terms for a systematic review of the literature in March 2017. Studies were included if they considered reasons affecting the likelihood of public access defibrillation and presented original data. An electronic search strategy was devised searching MEDLINE and EMBASE, supplemented by bibliography and related-article searches. Given the low-quality and observational nature of the majority of articles, a narrative review was performed. Sixty-four articles were identified in the initial literature search. An additional four unique articles were identified from the electronic search strategies. The following themes were identified related to public access defibrillation: knowledge and awareness; willingness to use; acquisition and maintenance; availability and accessibility; training issues; registration and regulation; medicolegal issues; emergency medical services dispatch-assisted use of automated external defibrillators; automated external defibrillator-locator systems; demographic factors; other behavioural factors. In conclusion, several barriers and facilitators to public access defibrillation deployment were identified. However, the evidence is of very low quality and there is not enough information to inform changes in practice. This is an area in urgent need of further high-quality research if public access defibrillation is to be increased and more lives saved. PROSPERO registration number CRD42016035543.

\"Historian Matthew Connelly analyzes the millions of state documents both accessible to the public and still under review to unearth not only what the government does not want us to know, but what it says about the very authority we bequeath to our leaders. By culling this research and studying a series of pivotal moments in recent history from Pearl Harbor to drone strikes, Connelly sheds light on the drivers of state secrecy (especially consolidating power or hiding incompetence) and how the classification of documents has become untenable. What results is a study of power: of the greed that develops out of its possession, of the negligence that it protects, and of what we lose as citizens when it remains unchecked\"-- Provided by the publisher.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a critical condition with poor outcomes. Although the survival rate increases in those who undergo defibrillation, the utility of on-time defibrillation among bystanders remained low. An evaluation of the deployment strategy for public access defibrillators (PADs) is necessary to increase their use and accessibility. This study was to conduct a systematic review for deployment strategies of PADs. Two authors independently searched for articles published before October 2019 from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. An independent librarian provided the search strategy and assisted the literature research. We included articles that were focused on the main topic, but excluded those which were missing results or that used an unclear definition. The qualitative outcomes were the utility and OHCA coverage of PADs. We performed a qualitative analysis across the studies, but a quantitative analysis was not available due to the studies' heterogeneity in design and variety of outcomes. We eventually included 15 studies. Three strategies were presented: guidelines-based, grid-based, and landmark-based. The guidelines-based deployment was common fit for OHCA events. The grid-based method increased the use of bystander defibrillation 3-fold, and 30-day survival doubled. The top 3 landmarks in the landmark-based strategy were offices (18.6%), schools (13.3%), and sports facilities (12.9%). Utility of PADs might increase if we optimize PAD location by mathematical modeling and evaluation feedback. Three deployment strategies were presented. Although the optimal method could not be fully identified, a more efficient PAD deployment could benefit the population in terms of OHCA coverage and survival among patients with OHCA.

\"The Future of Open Data flows from a multi-year Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Partnership Grant project that set out to explore open government geospatial data from an interdisciplinary perspective. Researchers on the grant adopted a critical social science perspective grounded in the imperative that the research should be relevant to government and civil society partners in the field. This book builds on the knowledge developed during the course of the grant and asks the question, \"What is the future of open data?\" The contributors' insights into the future of open data combine observations from five years of research about the Canadian open data community with a critical perspective on what could and should happen as open data efforts evolve. Each of the chapters in this book addresses different issues and each is grounded in distinct disciplinary or interdisciplinary perspectives. The opening chapter reflects on the origins of open data in Canada and how it has progressed to the present date, taking into account how the Indigenous data sovereignty movement intersects with open data. A series of chapters address some of the pitfalls and opportunities of open data and consider how the changing data context may impact sources of open data, limits on open data, and even liability for open data. Another group of chapters considers new landscapes for open data, including open data in the global South, the data priorities of local governments, and the emerging context for rural open data.\"-- Provided by publisher

Purpose of Review Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains a significant health problem in the USA and only 8.6% of victims survive with good neurological function, despite advances in emergency cardiac care. The likelihood of OHCA survival decreases by 10% for every minute without resuscitation. Recent Findings Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) have the potential to save lives yet public access defibrillators are underutilized (< 2% of the time) because they are difficult to locate and rarely available in homes or residential areas, where the majority (70%) of OHCA occur. Even when AEDs are within close proximity (within 100 m), they are not used 40% of the time. Summary Unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, have the potential to deliver AEDs to a bystander and augment emergency medical service (EMS) care. We review the use of drones in medicine, what is currently known, and clinical implications for advancing emergency cardiac care.