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"Public opinion surveys"
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How to measure public demand for policies when there is no appropriate survey data?
Explanatory models accounting for variation in policy choices by democratic governments usually include a demand (by the public) and a supply (by the government) component, whereas the latter component is usually better developed from a measurement viewpoint. The main reason is that public opinion surveys, the standard approach to measuring public demand, are expensive, difficult to implement simultaneously for different countries for purposes of crossnational comparison and impossible to implement ex post for purposes of longitudinal analysis if survey data for past time periods are lacking. We therefore propose a new approach to measuring public demand, focussing on political claims made by nongovernmental actors and expressed in the news. To demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of our measure of published opinion, we focus on climate policy in the time period between 1995 and 2010. When comparing the new measure of published opinion with the best available public opinion survey and internet search data, it turns out that our data can serve as a meaningful proxy for public demand.
Journal Article
PUBLIC OPINION AND AMERICAN DEMOCRACY
Public Opinion Quarterly at its outset focused heavily on the influences on public opinion, predicated on the assumption of its strong impact on politics and policymaking. Has this assumption been bome out? This essay reviews the research on the influence of American public opinion on policymaking that began to use survey data first to examine the legislative representation and then national-level and state-level policies. POQ's assumption has been confirmed by a substantial connection, overall, between public opinion and policymaking in the United States. Although this general finding is striking, there are limits to what we can conclude from it about American democracy. This raises important questions for future research and in ongoing debates about major issues before the nation, for which the public holds its leaders accountable.
Journal Article
COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC OPINION: PLUS ÇA CHANGE?
Three central themes that have persisted throughout the history of research on communication and public opinion are examined in light of past, present, and future research. These themes include (1) ongoing concerns surrounding the political diversity of the communication environment; (2) selective exposure to political communication; and (3) the interrelationship between mass and interpersonal political communication. We explore the importance of these themes with an emphasis on how technological changes have made them, if anything, more relevant today than they were when first identified as central concerns of the discipline.
Journal Article
The car that knew too much : can a machine be moral?
\"An engaging account of the moral decision making that will be required of driverless cars\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Medicalizing versus psychologizing mental illness: what are the implications for help seeking and stigma? A general population study
Purpose
This study contrasts the medicalized conceptualization of mental illness with psychologizing mental illness and examines what the consequences are of adhering to one model versus the other for help seeking and stigma.
Methods
The survey “Stigma in a Global Context–Belgian Mental Health Study” (2009) conducted face-to-face interviews among a representative sample of the general Belgian population using the vignette technique to depict schizophrenia (
N
= 381). Causal attributions, labeling processes, and the disease view are addressed. Help seeking refers to open-ended help-seeking suggestions (general practitioner, psychiatrist, psychologist, family, friends, and self-care options). Stigma refers to social exclusion after treatment. The data are analyzed by means of logistic and linear regression models in SPSS Statistics 19.
Results
People who adhere to the biopsychosocial (versus psychosocial) model are more likely to recommend general medical care and people who apply the disease view are more likely to recommend specialized medical care. Regarding informal help, those who prefer the biopsychosocial model are less likely to recommend consulting friends than those who adhere to the psychosocial model. Respondents who apply a medical compared to a non-medical label are less inclined to recommend self-care. As concerns treatment stigma, respondents who apply a medical instead of a non-medical label are more likely to socially exclude someone who has been in psychiatric treatment.
Conclusions
Medicalizing mental illness involves a package deal: biopsychosocial causal attributions and applying the disease view facilitate medical treatment recommendations, while labeling seems to trigger stigmatizing attitudes.
Journal Article
Those who count : expert practices of Roma classification
\"The book scrutinizes the scientific and expert practices of Roma classification in a historic perspective focusing on the expert discourses that gave rise to Roma-related policies in the last two decades. Epistemic communities that classify and describe Roma obey the commandments of political regimes in power, to the disciplinary research traditions and to the organizational interests. The resultant of knowledge subordination is a negative Roma public image that creates and reinforce stereotypical views held by the society at large. Case studies and thorough examples in the book show that both the census as an administrative and scientific practice, as well as policy related surveys are crafting Roma identity in an essentializing manner. The census reifies Roma by the use of mutually exclusive categories and by post-codification of data while the surveys do so by unfounded representativeness claims. Roma are relegated by the experts to several types of determinism: to a social category, to a frozen culture and to a biologized entity. The recently reemerged scholarship in Roma-related genetics imported classifications and narrations created in the fields of social sciences and contributed to circulation of bio-historical narratives that singularize, pathologize and exoticize Roma\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
THE EVOLUTION OF ELECTION POLLING IN THE UNITED STATES
Public opinion polls have long played an important role in the study and conduct of elections. In this essay, I outline the evolution of polling as used for three different functions in U.S. presidential elections: forecasting election outcomes, understanding voter behavior, and planning campaign strategy. Since the introduction of scientific polling in the 1936 election, technology has altered the way polls are used by the media, public, candidates, and scholars. Today, polls and surveys remain vital to electoral behavior and our understanding of it, but they are being increasingly supplemented or replaced by alternate measures and methods.
Journal Article