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Our aim was to report our experiences of pediatric macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) patients treated with anakinra and to review previous studies reporting anakinra treatment in pediatric MAS patients associated with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) or autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs). The study group consisted of pediatric MAS patients due to sJIA or AIDs, followed up in the Pediatric Rheumatology Unit of Hacettepe University between January 2015 and January 2017 and treated with anakinra (anti-IL1). We conducted a systematic review of the published literature involving pediatric MAS patients associated with sJIA or AIDs, treated with anakinra. Thirteen sJIA patients and two AIDs patients were included the study. Nineteen MAS episodes were observed in 15 patients. Anakinra (2 mg/kg/day) was started in with a median 1 day after admission. Clinical symptoms resolved, and laboratory findings normalized within median (minimum–maximum) 2 (1–4) and 6 (4–9) days, respectively after the introduction of anakinra. Steroid treatment was stopped in a median of 10 (4–13) weeks after the initiation of anakinra treatment. Patients were followed up for a median of 13 (6–24) months. Two patients developed recurrent MAS episodes when the anakinra dose was reduced, while the other patients achieved remission. In the literature review, we identified nine articles, describing 35 pediatric MAS patients associated with sJIA or AIDs and treated with anakinra. Except for two, all the patients reached remission. Our study and systematic literature review may help to improve the knowledge on the role of anakinra treatment in the management of MAS.

While considerable attention has been given to encounters between black citizens and police in urban communities, there have been limited analyses of such encounters in suburban settings. Race, Place, and Suburban Policing tells the full story of social injustice, racialized policing, nationally profiled shootings, and the ambiguousness of black life in a suburban context. Through compelling interviews, participant observation, and field notes from a marginalized black enclave located in a predominately white suburb, Andrea S. Boyles examines a fraught police-citizen interface, where blacks are segregated and yet forced to negotiate overlapping spaces with their more affluent white counterparts.

In this essay Erica R. Meiners argues that those committed to dismantling our nation's deep and racialized investments in policing and imprisoning must analyze how the flexible category of \"the child,\" and its figurative powers, operate in complex ways to punish communities and naturalize and expand criminalization and surveillance. Never static or neutral, childhood and its attendant characteristics, for example, innocence, are not available to all, and many, including young people, are harmed by the very laws and institutions charged with safeguarding minors. In outlining the malleability of developmental categories rooted in racialized and heteropatriarchal foundations--\"child,\" \"juvenile\"--and providing examples of how the rhetorical clout of the child is deployed to strengthen laws and policies that often do little to protect young people but instead augment carcerality, Meiners suggests that dismantling the carceral state in our classrooms and communities requires a more rigorous theorization of the artifact of the child.

The purpose of this paper is to outline the history of school-based policing, namely, the deployment of School Resource Officers (SROs), and examine the evidence of this program’s impacts on school safety and on students in the USA. We offer a review of the literature documenting the costs and effects of SROs in US schools. More than two decades of research have not yielded evidence that police enhance school safety, but it has repeatedly been documented that embedding police in schools results in serious harms to minoritized students, especially those who are Black, disabled, LGBTQ, or low income. This review of the research makes clear that SROs have not delivered school safety and have caused considerable harm to marginalized students. It must therefore be a priority of the new administration to end schools’ reliance on law enforcement to manage the students in their care and reinvest in the proven support that school-based social work affords to our youth.

Canadian Psychologists have several challenges regarding our research and practice in the development and application of efficacious treatment models for disrupting the progression of gangs and youth crime. Empirically supported model programs for crime prevention and gang intervention require significant study in the Indigenous community context. Indigenous communities affected by gangs and the practitioners serving in these diverse communities require effective models to coordinate treatments across multiple systems and jurisdictions for health, social service, and justice. As a way of bridging the research gaps, we present an overview of the literature on treatment models deemed by the National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC) to meet the highest standard for treatment efficacy and cost effectiveness (Public Safety Canada, 2012) and review the evidence generated by studies that engaged Indigenous peoples' experiences in gangs. In doing so, we contribute a synthesis of recommendations for gang intervention programming in Indigenous communities, and critique the body of literature on what is considered best practices for crime prevention/intervention in Canada. We offer practical strategies for abiding by the needs and healing processes of Indigenous peoples, and identify challenges and opportunities for future research. Les psychologues canadiens sont confrontés à plusieurs défis en matière de recherche et de pratique dans l'élaboration et l'application de modèles de traitement destinés à freiner l'augmentation des crimes commis par des gangs. Fondés sur des bases empiriques, les programmes modèles de prévention du crime et d'intervention auprès des gangs doivent faire l'objet d'une étude plus approfondie dans le contexte des collectivités autochtones. Les professionnels travaillant dans les collectivités autochtones, très diverses, ont besoin de modèles efficaces pour coordonner les traitements entre les multiples systèmes et autorités compétentes en matière de santé, de services sociaux et de justice. Soucieux de combler les lacunes dans la recherche, nous présentons un sommaire de la documentation sur les modèles de traitement qui, selon le Centre national de prévention du crime (CNPC), présentent la plus grande efficacité en matière de traitement et le meilleur rapport coût-efficacité (Sécurité publique Canada, 2012), et nous examinons les preuves issues d'études sur des situations vécues par des peuples autochtones confrontés aux gangs. Ce faisant, nous réalisons une synthèse des recommandations en matière de programmes d'intervention auprès des gangs destinés aux collectivités autochtones et nous évaluons la documentation sur les méthodes considérées comme étant les pratiques exemplaires en matière de prévention du crime et d'intervention au Canada. Nous proposons des stratégies pratiques prenant en compte les besoins et les processus de guérison des peuples autochtones et indiquons les défis et les perspectives pour toute future recherche.

A multiple criteria evaluation of justice policy. The role of human rightsThe focus of evaluation studies sanctions or sanction policy is mainly on the effectiveness of outcome, such as reducing recidivism. Public policy evaluations (PPEs) often use a more broad evaluation framework, including contribution analysis and multiple evaluation criteria. These evaluations are not limited to effectiveness, but focus also on relevance, goal attainment, efficiency, or coordination of the policy. Moreover, PPE recommends incorporating policy specific criteria, such as evaluating human rights in practice. This framework was adopted in a post hoc evaluation of the Adolescent Criminal Law (ACL).This case study focused on the sanctioning of young adult offenders aged 18 up to and including 22 years old with a juvenile sanction in the Netherlands. In order to evaluate multiple criteria, a range of methods and sources was used, including a literature review, reconstruction of the policy theory, empirical analysis of registration data, a quasi-experiment, interviews with practitioners, and analysis of court decisions. Results showed that ACL has theoretical relevance to stimulate desistance from a criminal career, and that the forensic advice and sanctioning with a juvenile sanction increased as expected over time. However, juvenile sanctioning of young adult offenders showed a negative or null-effect on recidivism. Bottlenecks in practice can explain these mixed effects, such as a non-specified target group, variation across the Netherlands in forensic advice and opposed sanctions, and limited access to juvenile forensic services. Indications of bottlenecks in the ability to comply with human rights were also found, such as a lack of transparency and equality in the application of adolescent criminal law. The relevance of complying with human rights in practice is discussed in the light of contemporary resocialization theories.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a reflection on the current trajectory of youth justice policy. The paper offers fresh insight into the changing face of youth justice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on a range of sources, including published journal articles and statistical evidence. In so doing it critically reviews relevant academic literature. Findings – Three critical insights arise from the review. First, there are promising approaches emerging in youth justice organised around the principle of avoiding formal processing of young people where possible; such as, for example, Triage, the Youth Restorative Disposal, Youth Justice Liaison and Diversion schemes, the Swansea Bureau and the Durham Pre-Reprimand Disposal. Thus there is evidence of an emerging consensus, across the domains of policy, practice and legislation which seem to endorse the idea of community-based minimum intervention, supported by principles of offender rehabilitation and restoration. Second, whilst they have not intruded to any great extent in the sphere of youth justice so far, there is no doubt that the government is keen to extend the remit of Payment by Results schemes. Perhaps most concerning is the issue with private sector organisations engaging in “gaming activities” where maximising profit becomes the intention over enhancing the well-being of the young person. Third, it is argued that in order to reconcile the lack of user-led engagement of offenders, and experiences of disempowerment, the priority should be, throughout the Youth Justice System, to involve young people in assessment and decision-making processes. Research limitations/implications – As an exploratory paper, it does not set out to provide a blueprint on “how” the issues outlined should be resolved. Rather, it provides a basis for further discussion, and highlights some examples of promising practice, particularly around the issues of offender engagement, participation and rights compliance. This is particularly important considering that the UK government will report to the United Nations this year (2014) on its progress in implementing and complying with the children's right agenda. Practical implications – The paper highlights the issues and ambiguities facing practitioners working within a payment by results framework which is contextualised by what appears to be a more liberal tone in public policy. It also explores the challenges delivering participatory approaches. Originality/value – The paper investigates a neglected area in youth justice, namely that of participatory approaches. It argues that, although there are resource pressures and time constraints, service user participatory techniques should be encouraged, particularly as they promote positive engagement and motivation, principally by offering a sense of control over choice.

This study is an attempt to infuse into discussions about system accountability the notion that children can speak to issues of safety, family, permanency, and well-being in child welfare. The study utilized a cross-sectional survey design involving in-home, semistructured interviews with children ages 6 to 13 in two urban California counties. Of the 100 children who participated in face-to-face interviews, 59 were living with kin caregivers and 41 were living with nonkin. Standardized instruments and measures developed specifically for this study were employed. Findings indicate that while children assess their homes as safe, neighborhood conditions are often challenging. A significant proportion of children reveal less than optimal relationships with their caregivers, and many experience feelings of impermanence. Nevertheless, children report positive regard for the caregiving they receive and are optimistic about the future. Implications for practice and research are addressed.

Garner and Abel argue that the emergence of French film censorship can only be understood as part of a broader effort by the Republican state to extend its regulatory power in the name of public safety. The controversy over theater closings led to the first of a series of progressively centralized controls over film content and exhibition practices. These controls had their origins in legislation related to the theater and other public performances that stretched back to the French Revolution. However, film presented a particular problem for those who would regulate as well as defend it. Furthermore, they examine the political culture of the Third Republic and the anxieties that troubled its sense of social order.

Zero-tolerance discipline policies led to the introduction of police on school campuses and has resulted in a disproportionate number of in-school arrests and referrals of Black middle-school students, subjecting them to the school-to-prison pipeline. An abundance of data suggest the negative effects of zero tolerance; however, less is known regarding alternative evidence-based strategies such as the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI). Grounded in stage environment fit and labeling theoretical frameworks, the purpose of this study was to examine if JDAI status (pre-JDAI and post-JDAI) could predict arrests and referrals, while controlling for race, gender, and age. Secondary data were collected from a juvenile court in northwest Georgia on 1,303 middle-school students. The students who formed this purposive sample for the study were arrested or referred 2 years prior to the implementation of the JDAI School Referral Reduction Program, and 2 recent years post-JDAI. Binary logistic regressions were conducted for each the outcomes of arrests and referrals to ascertain the predictive relationships of JDAI, race, gender, and age. The results found only gender and age to be significant predictors of arrests and referrals. However, additional findings reported Black students were 89.4% of the students arrested or referred to the juvenile court, and 93.2% of those arrests and referrals occurred during the 2-year period pre-JDAI. This research is significant for stakeholders involved in education and juvenile justice reform who want to positively effect social change through the use of programs and policies that narrow the academic achievement gap and reduce the disproportionate number of Black students’ contact with the criminal justice system.