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A royal pain in the burp
\"George and his classmates are giving reports on their family trees, and their presentations will be broadcast on the local news. George is excited, but when he discovers he's related to the king of Arfendonia--a place no one has ever heard of--he panics. What if he makes a fool of himself on live TV? And even worse, what if his burp decides to make a guest appearance? Then George will be a total royal embarrassment!\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Factor Structure and Reliability of the Lithuanian Version of the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is especially prevalent among young individuals aged 18–25 and significantly affects daily social activities and interpersonal relationships. Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA), a subtype of SAD, is a widespread concern that affects one in five individuals. The study focuses on the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS), with the aim of assessing the factor structure and reliability of the Lithuanian version (PSAS-LT). The PSAS-LT, administered to 227 participants aged 18–25, comprises 17 Likert-scaled items, evaluating cognitive, behavioral, and physiological aspects of PSA. Three models were tested: a single-factor model, a three-factor model and a single factor model with positive and negative item wording factors model. Results indicate less than desirable fit for the single, and three-factor models, suggesting the need for alternative structures. The model that included a single factor as well as positive and negative item wording factors demonstrated a reasonably good fit. The diagnostic validity confirmed that the PSAS-LT effectively differentiated between participants with and without history of anxiety disorders. The total score of the PSAS-LT had excellent internal consistency. Despite limitations, including convenience sampling and nonrepresentative sample, the study contributes valuable insights into refining the understanding of PSA assessment features, emphasizing the importance of considering response patterns. Future research should validate these findings with larger and more diverse samples of the Lithuanian population.
Journal Article
A meta-analysis of the effect of virtual reality on reducing public speaking anxiety
The fear of public speaking is a prevalent phobia that has a damaging impact on the lives of many phobic patients. One method to treat this phobia is the use of virtual reality (VR). A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was used to report how the publications that have examined the role of VR in treating public speaking anxiety were identified. A meta-analysis of 92 non-review publications published by January 15, 2021 was conducted. In this meta-analysis, the effectiveness of the treatment of public speaking anxiety refers to the degree of reduction in the participants’ public speaking anxiety from pre-test to post-test. This meta-analysis consisted of an examination of the homogeneity of the studies (the I
2
indexes), publication bias (Kendall’s tau and Egger’s regression values) and an estimation of the grand effect size for all studies. The three major findings of this meta-analysis are: (1) Overall, VR had a statistically significant effect on reducing public speaking anxiety, which suggests that VR is a useful and promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of public speaking anxiety; (2) Studies that found VR to be effective in the treatment of public speaking anxiety conducted an average of approximately six VR sessions, with each session lasting around 37 minutes; and (3) VR is statistically as effective as other treatment methods such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Therefore, rather than completely replacing other treatment methods, VR should be used to complement other treatment methods to compensate for some of their disadvantages.
Journal Article
Demographic predictors of public speaking anxiety among university students
Public speaking is a crucial component of many higher education courses and is essential for students’ academic performance and future career success. Despite its importance, public speaking anxiety is a common issue among higher education students, adversely impacting their learning. Addressing this anxiety through targeted interventions, especially for the most at-risk students, is vital. This study provides insights into the demographic predictors of public speaking anxiety, using a sample of 1745 students from a large public university in the Czech Republic. We employed the Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker in a short form to assess public speaking anxiety levels. Our multivariate regression analysis identified gender, type of high school, and study level as significant predictors of public speaking anxiety, whereas age, nationality, and field of study were not. The study found that women, non-binary individuals, graduates of academic high schools, and bachelor’s students are more prone to public speaking anxiety. These findings highlight the need for targeted intervention and support strategies for students with higher levels of public speaking anxiety.
Journal Article
Virtual reality exposure therapy for adolescents with fear of public speaking: a non-randomized feasibility and pilot study
Background
Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA) is a common anxiety with onset in adolescence and early adulthood. With the advent of consumer virtual reality (VR) technology, VR-delivered exposure therapy is now a scalable and practical treatment option and has previously been shown to be efficacious with adults. In this non-randomized feasibility and pilot trial, we explore the effect of one-session (90 min) VR-delivered exposure therapy for adolescents (aged 13–16) with PSA.
Methods
A total of 27 adolescents were recruited from Norwegian high schools and completed self-report measures of PSA twice prior to treatment, 1 week after treatment, and at 1 and 3 month follow-up. Heart rate was recorded during the treatment session. A low-cost head-mounted VR display with a custom-built VR stimuli material depicting a cultural and age appropriate classroom and audience were used when a series of speech (exposure exercises) were performed.
Results
Linear mixed effects model revealed a significant decrease in PSA symptoms (Cohen’s
d
= 1.53) pre-post treatment, and improvements were maintained at follow-ups. Physiological data revealed a small increase in heart rate during exposure tasks. Based on feedback from the adolescents, the feasibility of the intervention was increased during the trial.
Conclusions
The results show that low-cost, consumer VR hardware can be used to deliver efficacious treatment for PSA in adolescents, in a feasible one-session format.
Journal Article
Exposure Therapy With Personalized Real-Time Arousal Detection and Feedback to Alleviate Social Anxiety Symptoms in an Analogue Adult Sample: Pilot Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial
Exposure therapy is highly effective for social anxiety disorder. However, there is room for improvement.
This is a first attempt to examine the feasibility of an arousal feedback-based exposure therapy to alleviate social anxiety symptoms in an analogue adult sample.
A randomized, pilot, proof-of-concept trial was conducted to evaluate the acceptability, safety, and preliminary efficacy of our treatment program. Sessions were administered once a week for 4 weeks (1 hour each) to an analogue sample of 50 young adults who reported at least minimal social anxiety symptoms. Participants in both intervention and waitlist control groups completed assessments for social anxiety symptoms at the baseline, week 5, and week 10.
Most participants found the intervention acceptable (82.0%, 95% CI 69.0%-91.0%). Seven (14.9%, 95% CI 7.0%-28.0%) participants reported at least one mild adverse event over the course of study. No moderate or serious adverse events were reported. Participants in the intervention group demonstrated greater improvements on all outcome measures of public speaking anxiety from baseline to week 5 as compared to the waitlist control group (Cohen d=0.61-1.39). Effect size of the difference in mean change on the overall Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale was small (Cohen d=0.13).
Our results indicated that it is worthwhile to proceed to a larger trial for our treatment program. This new medium of administration for exposure therapy may be feasible for treating a subset of social anxiety symptoms. Additional studies are warranted to explore its therapeutic mechanisms.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02493010; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02493010.
Journal Article
Virtual Reality as a Reflection Technique for Public Speaking Training
Video recording is one of the most commonly used techniques for reflection, because video allows people to know what they look like to others and how they could improve their performance, but it is problematic because some people easily fall into negative emotions and worry about their performance, resulting in a low benefit. In this study, the possibility of applying a simple VR-based reflection method was explored. This method uses virtual reality (VR) and a head-mounted display (HMD) to allow presenters to watch their own presentations from the audience’s perspective and uses an avatar, which hides personal appearance, which has low relevance to the quality of presentation, to help reduce self-awareness during reflection. An experimental study was carried out, considering four personal characteristics—gender, personal anxiety, personal confidence and self-bias. The goal of this study is to discuss which populations can benefit more from this system and to assess the impact of the avatar and HMD-based VR. According to the results, the individuals with low self-confidence in their public speaking skills could benefit more on self-evaluation from VR reflection with HMD, while individuals with negative self-bias could reduce more anxiety by using an avatar.
Journal Article
Association of Fear of Negative Evaluation with Performance Anxiety: Mediation by Negative Self-Statements and Moderation by Positive Self-Statements During Performance in Adults
Using individual differences constructs, the current study used cross-sectional data to examine the mediating role of negative self-statements during public speaking on the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and public speaking anxiety (a type of performance anxiety), and how this relationship was moderated by positive self-statements during public performance. The sample comprised 319 adults (men = 105, women = 214) from the general Australian community, with ages ranging from 18 years to 65 years. All participants completed questionnaires covering the different study variables. The findings showed that there was partial mediation by negative self-statements on the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and performance anxiety. There were also moderation effects by positive self-statements for this relationship. Additionally, moderation by positive self-statements was evident at all levels of positive self-statements. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings for public speaking anxiety are discussed.
Journal Article
Developing the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) for Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Dysfunctional Emotion Regulation in the Effect of Irrational Beliefs on Public Speaking Anxiety
Public speaking anxiety, which is closely related to social anxiety, is a crucial factor in the development of adolescents. It affects their ability to regulate their emotions and irrational beliefs, which in turn shapes their relationships and academic success. The purpose of this present study is two-fold: (a) to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for public speaking anxiety for adolescents, and (b) to determine the mediating role of dysfunctional emotion regulation on the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety. To achieve this, data were collected through face-to-face interviews from a total of 1231 adolescent students, including 642 girls (age, X¯ = 14.96) and 589 boys (X¯ = 14.99), aged between 12 and 17 years old in five stages. Data collection was based on the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) (developed in the current study), the Irrational Beliefs Scale (IBS), the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). Data were analysed through SPSS, AMOS, JAMOVI, G-POWER and Microsoft Excel programmes. This study concludes that the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) has demonstrated both valid and reliable psychometric properties. The findings of this study further reveal that internal dysfunctional emotion regulation plays a partial mediating role in the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety, and that external dysfunctional emotion regulation, on the contrary, did not have a mediating role in the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety.
Journal Article
The effects of personality and self-perceived public speaking competence on public speaking anxiety in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) presentations
Foreign language anxiety (FLA) has drawn a considerable amount of attention in recent decades. However, the anxiety that EFL learners experience during public speaking has been relatively underexplored. Thus, this study explored the effects of personality traits and self-perceived public speaking competence on public speaking anxiety (PSA). A total of 205 university students in China participated in a questionnaire gauging EFL learners’ PSA, personality and self-perceived public speaking competence. SPSS, version 27, was used for data analysis, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The first finding revealed significant associations between PSA and Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism, with Neuroticism showing the strongest correlation with PSA. The second result indicated that self-perceived public speaking competence negatively correlated with PSA, with 9 out of the 17 aspects of overall public speaking competence showing significant correlations with PSA. In addition, this study revealed significant associations between self-perceived public speaking competence and Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. This study has pedagogical implications for educators to help EFL learners better combat anxiety in public speaking settings.
Journal Article