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"QUALITATIVE METHODS"
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Planning for and Assessing Rigor in Rapid Qualitative Analysis (PARRQA): a consensus-based framework for designing, conducting, and reporting
Background
The use of rapid qualitative methods has increased substantially over the past decade in quality improvement and health services research. These methods have gained traction in implementation research and practice, wherein real-time adjustments are often made to optimize processes and outcomes. This brisk increase begs the questions: what does rigor entail in projects that use rapid qualitative analysis (RQA)? How do we define a pragmatic framework to help research teams design and conduct rigorous and valid rapid qualitative projects? How can authors articulate rigor in their methods descriptions? Lastly, how can reviewers evaluate the rigor of rapid qualitative projects?.
Methods
A team of seven interdisciplinary qualitative methods experts developed a framework for ensuring rigor and validity in RQA and methods suitable for this analytic approach. We conducted a qualitative evidence synthesis to identify gaps in the literature and then drew upon literature, standard procedures within our teams, and a repository of rapid qualitative training materials to create a planning and reporting framework. We iteratively refined this framework through 11 group working meetings (60-90 minutes each) over the course of one year and invited feedback on items to ensure their completeness, clarity, and comprehensibility.
Results
The Planning for and Assessing Rigor in Rapid Qualitative Analysis (PARRQA) framework is organized progressively across phases from design to dissemination, as follows: 1) rigorous design (rationale and staffing), 2) semi-structured data collection (pilot and planning), 3) RQA: summary template development (accuracy and calibration), 4) RQA: matrix analysis (matrices), and 5) rapid qualitative data synthesis. Eighteen recommendations across these sections specify best practices for rigor and validity.
Conclusions
Rapid qualitative methods play a central role in implementation evaluations, with the potential to yield prompt information and insights about context, processes, and relationships. However, guidance on how to assess rigor is nascent. The PARRQA framework enhances the literature by offering criteria to ensure appropriate planning for and assessment of rigor in projects that involve RQA. This framework provides a consensus-based resource to support high-level qualitative methodological rigor in implementation science.
Journal Article
Qualitative and mixed methods data analysis using Dedoose : a practical approach for research across the social sciences
\"Qualitative and Mixed Methods Data Analysis using Dedoose will provide both new and experienced researchers with a guided introduction to dealing with the methodological complexity of mixed methods and qualitative inquiry using Dedoose software. The authors use their depth of experience designing and updating Dedoose as well as their significant research experience to give the reader practical strategies for using Dedoose from a wide range of research studies. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Data Analysis using Dedoose walks researchers, students and evaluators through designing a study, conducting fieldwork and reporting credible findings. In the first section the book gives a quick overview of qualitative and mixed methods research and designing studies to work easily with available software, including Dedoose. The authors pay significant attention to data analysis in the second section, addressing the challenges of working in teams, working with just qualitative data, and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data in a mixed method study. The final section is devoted to reporting results and data visualization within Dedoose. Throughout the book, case studies are presented to illustrate the topics discussed with real research examples. Working through this book will give researchers improved technological skills to use Dedoose effectively in their research\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
A Quality Approach to Qualitative Content Analysis: Similarities and Differences Compared to Other Qualitative Methods
Die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse ist eine Methode, die viele der spezifischen Merkmale qualitativer Forschung mit anderen qualitativen Forschungsmethoden gemeinsam hat. Darunter fällt nicht zuletzt auch ein zentraler Gesichtspunkt qualitativer Designs, nämlich die Berücksichtigung von Überlegungen zu Gütekriterien in jeder Phase des Forschungsprozesses. In diesem Beitrag gehe ich auf einen solchen Ansatz genauer ein, das sog. Total Quality Framework. Mit diesem Ansatz können Forscher_innen Überlegungen zur Güte ihrer Forschung anstellen; dies gilt für die Anwendung der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse wie auch für andere qualitative Methoden. Gütekriterien, wie sie beispielsweise im Zusammenhang mit Stichprobenziehung, Forscher_inneneffekten und der Verifikation der Daten für die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse diskutiert werden, sind durchaus mit den Gütekriterien anderer Methoden vergleichbar. Es gibt jedoch einige für die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse spezifische qualitätsbezogene Überlegungen, z.B. die Festlegung dessen, was Daten sind sowie die notwendige dichte Beschreibung im Zusammenhang des zweiphasigen und achtstufigen Auswertungsprozesses. In diesem Beitrag stelle ich Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse und anderen qualitativen Methoden aus der Perspektive eines spezifischen Ansatzes zur Bewertung der Güte qualitativer Forschung dar, nämlich dem Ansatz des Total Quality Framework.
Journal Article
Tailoring implementation of a youth-focused mental health intervention in Sierra Leone using an implementation blueprint methodology
Background
Identifying contextual factors that might support or hinder implementation of evidence-based mental health interventions for youth in low- and middle- income countries may improve implementation success by increasing the alignment of intervention implementation with local needs and resources. This study engaged community partners in Sierra Leone to: (a) investigate barriers and facilitators to implementing a mental health intervention within Sierra Leone’s schools; (b) develop an implementation blueprint to address identified implementation barriers; (c) explore the feasibility of using the implementation blueprint methodology in Sierra Leone.
Methods
We recruited Ministry of Education Officials (
n
= 2), teachers (
n
= 15) and principals
(
n
=
15) in Sierra Leone to participate in needs assessment qualitative interviews. We used a rapid qualitative analysis approach to analyze data. Three team members summarized transcripts based on domains aligned with the structured research questions, organized themes into a matrix, and identified and discussed key themes to arrive at consensus. We then reconvened community partners to discuss implementation strategies that could address identified barriers. Participants ranked barriers according to high/low feasibility and high/low importance and selected implementation strategies for the blueprint.
Results
Qualitative results revealed several implementation barriers: teacher/parent/student buy-in; teacher motivation; scheduling time; limited funding; waning interest; daily hardships outside of school. Strategies selected included: develop/distribute educational materials; conduct education meetings/outreach; identify and prepare champions; access new funding.
Conclusions
Engaging community partners to develop an implementation blueprint for integration of a mental health intervention within Sierra Leone’s schools was feasible and may increase implementation effectiveness.
Journal Article
Enquiry-Based Learning in Public Health - Opportunities for Application-Led Qualitative Method Teaching
Eine bevölkerungs- und systembezogene Perspektive auf Gesundheit, starker Anwendungsbezug und Interdisziplinarität, aber auch eine Affinität zu quantitativen und epidemiologischen Methoden und Methodenpragmatismus zeichnen Public-Health-Forschung und -Praxis aus. Diese Orientierung stellt die qualitative Methodenausbildung in Public Health vor einige Besonderheiten. In diesem Beitrag reflektieren wir das Konzept der zweisemestrigen Grundlagenveranstaltungen im Masterstudiengang Public Health der Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften der Universität Bielefeld. Wir setzen mit dem Seminarkonzept auf forschendes Lernen, bei dem die Studierenden den Forschungsprozess mittels der konstruktivistischen Lehrmethode des Cognitive Apprenticeship durchlaufen. Diese offene Herangehensweise ermöglicht es uns, auf unterschiedliches Vorwissen und unterschiedliche Kompetenzniveaus zu reagieren. Mit einer gegenstandsbezogenen, pragmatischen Vermittlung bereiten wir auf die Nutzung und Weiterentwicklung von Methodenkompetenz in der späteren heterogenen Forschungs- und Berufspraxis in Public Health vor. Zugleich bleibt es für uns eine Herausforderung, Studierende für die Bedeutung und den Nutzen der Anwendung einer Vielfalt qualitativer Methoden zu sensibilisieren.
The field of public health is characterised by a population and systemic perspective on health, applicability and interdisciplinarity, and a slant towards quantitative and epidemiological methods and methodological pragmatism. This presents specific challenges for the teaching of qualitative methods in public health. In this contribution we reflect on the concept of the two-semester methods seminars in the master of public health course at the School of Public Health at Bielefeld University, Germany. Our teaching is guided by the concept of enquiry-based learning. In our methods seminars, we employ the constructivist teaching method of cognitive apprenticeship to introduce students to the research process. This open approach allows us to respond to different degrees of prior knowledge and levels of competence. With our pragmatic, application-led teaching, we qualify graduates to develop and employ methodological skills in their later academic and practical careers. At the same time, it remains a challenge to sensitise students to the significance and benefits of a wide range of qualitative methods.
Journal Article
Qualitative methods for family studies & human development
Qualitative Methods for Family Studies and Human Development serves as a step-by-step, interdisciplinary, qualitative methods text for those working in the areas of family studies, human development, family therapy, and family social work. Providing a systematic outline for carrying out qualitative projects from start to finish, author Kerry J. Daly uniquely combines epistemology, theory, and methodology into a comprehensive package illustrated specifically with examples from family relations and human development research.
eBook
Qualitative Content Analysis: Conceptualizations and Challenges in Research Practice—Introduction to the FQS Special Issue \Qualitative Content Analysis I\
In diesem Beitrag führen wir in den ersten Teil der Schwerpunktausgabe zur qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse (QIA) ein. In einem ersten Schritt beschreiben wir die Überlegungen, die dem Schwerpunkt zugrunde liegen, und erläutern die Unterteilung in zwei Teilausgaben. Anschließend geben wir einen Überblick über zentrale Fragestellungen in der gegenwärtigen Methodenliteratur zur QIA und identifizieren vier Kernbereiche: 1. die Konzeptualisierung der QIA als hybride Kombination quantitativer und qualitativer Elemente oder als genuin qualitative Methode; 2. die Relation zwischen dem deutschsprachigen und dem internationalen Methodendiskurs; 3. die Frage, ob sich theoretische und/oder epistemologische Grundlagen der QIA identifizieren lassen; 4. fehlende Transparenz bei der Dokumentation von Anwendungen der Methode. In einem nächsten Schritt gehen wir auf den Prozess der Erstellung der Schwerpunktausgabe ein und erläutern die Struktur und die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Beiträgen. In dem vorliegenden ersten Teil legen wir den Fokus auf Artikel zur Konzeptualisierung der QIA sowie auf Beiträge, in denen Herausforderungen bei der Methodenanwendung und Lösungsansätze beschrieben werden. Auf dieser Grundlage kommen wir zu dem Schluss, dass sich in der gegenwärtigen Methodenliteratur durchaus unterschiedliche Konzeptionen der QIA identifizieren lassen. Dies spiegelt sich auch in der Vielfalt der Herausforderungen bei der Anwendung der Methode wider und in den unterschiedlichen kreativen Umgangsweisen mit diesen Herausforderungen, wie sie von den Autor_innen dieser ersten Teilausgabe beschrieben werden.
Journal Article
Life With and Without Coding: Two Methods for Early-Stage Data Analysis in Qualitative Research Aiming at Causal Explanations
Qualitative research aimed at \"mechanismic\" explanations poses specific challenges to qualitative data analysis because it must integrate existing theory with patterns identified in the data. We explore the utilization of two methods--coding and qualitative content analysis--for the first steps in the data analysis process, namely \"cleaning\" and organizing qualitative data. Both methods produce an information base that is structured by categories and can be used in the subsequent search for patterns in the data and integration of these patterns into a systematic, theoretically embedded explanation. Used as a stand-alone method outside the grounded theory approach, coding leads to an indexed text, i.e. both the original text and the index (the system of codes describing the content of text segments) are subjected to further analysis. Qualitative content analysis extracts the relevant information, i.e. separates it from the original text, and processes only this information. We suggest that qualitative content analysis has advantages compared to coding whenever the research question is embedded in prior theory and can be answered without processing knowledge about the form of statements and their position in the text, which usually is the case in the search for \"mechanismic\" explanations. Coding outperforms qualitative content analysis in research that needs this information in later stages of the analysis, e.g. the exploration of meaning or the study of the construction of narratives. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs130254
Journal Article