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\"In the first book ever published on Indigenous quantitative methodologies, Maggie Walter and Chris Andersen open up a major new approach to research across the disciplines and applied fields. While qualitative methods have been rigorously critiqued and reformulated, the population statistics relied on by virtually all research on Indigenous peoples continue to be taken for granted as straightforward, transparent numbers. This book dismantles that persistent positivism with a forceful critique, then fills the void with a new paradigm for Indigenous quantitative methods, using concrete examples of research projects from First World Indigenous peoples in the United States, Australia, and Canada. Concise and accessible, it is an ideal supplementary text as well as a core component of the methodological toolkit for anyone conducting Indigenous research or using Indigenous population statistics\"-- Provided by publisher.

With the broader availability of panel data, fixed effects (FE) regression models are becoming increasingly important in sociology. However, in some studies the potential pitfalls of these models may be ignored, and common critiques of FE models may not always be applicable in comparison to other methods. This article provides an overview of linear FE models and their pitfalls for applied researchers. Throughout the article, we contrast FE and classical pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) models. We argue that in most cases FE models are at least as good as pooled OLS models. Therefore, we encourage scholars to use FE models if possible. Nevertheless, the limitations of FE models should be known and considered.

This literature review summarizes research on online teaching and learning. It is organized into four topics: course environment, learners' outcomes, learners' characteristics, and institutional and administrative factors. The authors found little consistency of terminology, discovered some conclusive guidelines, and identified developing lines of inquiry. The conclusions overall suggests that most of the studies reviewed were descriptive and exploratory, that most online students are nontraditional and Anglo American, and that few universities have written policies, guidelines, or technical support for faculty members or students. Asynchronous communication seemed to facilitate in-depth communication (but not more than in traditional classes), students liked to move at their own pace. Learning outcomes appeared to be the same as in traditional courses, and students with prior training in computers were more satisfied with online courses. Continued research is needed to inform learner outcomes, learner characteristics, course environment, and institutional factors related to delivery system variables in order to test learning theories and teaching models inherent in course design. (DIPF/Orig.).

Die Studie untersucht die sprachdiagnostische Praxis von Lehrkräften in Deutschland und verdeutlicht den Bedarf an gezielter Professionalisierung. Die Befragung mit 522 Lehrkräften zeigt, dass Sprachdiagnostik häufig informell und unzureichend durchgeführt wird. Insbesondere im Sekundarbereich wird Sprachkompetenz selten diagnostiziert. Die Diskrepanz zwischen Theorie und Praxis unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit von Fortbildungen und länder- übergreifenden Richtlinien zur systematischen Sprachdiagnostik. (DIPF/Orig.) The study explores the language assessment practices of teachers in Germany and highlights the need for targeted training. The survey with 522 teachers shows that language assessment is often carried out informally and inadequately. Language competence is rarely assessed especially in secondary education. The discrepancy between theory and practice emphasizes the need for further training and national guidelines for systematic language assessment. (DIPF/Orig.)

This study aims to reveal the astronomy-related self-efficacy beliefs of pre-service teachers studying science education, primary school education, and social studies education programmes. The study is conducted using the survey design, a quantitative research method. The study sample consists of 322 pre-service teachers in their third or fourth year of a science education, primary school education, or social studies education programme at a university in Turkey's Central Anatolia Region during the 2016 fall semester. The Astronomy Teaching Self-Efficacy Belief Scale developed by Güneş was used as the data collection tool. SPSS 22 was used to analyse the data, and the analyses benefited from descriptive and inferential statistics. Based on the findings, the pre-service teachers' total scores for astronomy self-efficacy showed no significant difference in terms of certain variables (i.e., gender, age, year, and having taken a previous astronomy course). However, significant differences were found regarding self-efficacy scores in terms of the programme and having taken part in astronomy and sky-gazing activity. Concerning the obtained results, the following suggestions can be made: pre-service teachers should be actively involved during the astronomy course, and their classroom management experiences should be promoted to improve their astronomy self-efficacy belief levels. (DIPF/Orig.)

Purpose: Vocational education and training is important to produce skilled and innovative labor to drive the country's development in the 4th industrial revolution (IR 4.0). The employability of vocational college students is crucial to meet the country's demand for 21st-century workers. This study aims to identify the influences of innovative characteristics, work readiness, and vocational self-concept on the employability of vocational college students. The study also examined the moderating role of gender. Methods: A quantitative correlational design was carried out to achieve the objectives of the study. The samples consisted of 395 vocational college students from five vocational colleges located in the states of Kedah and Penang, Malaysia. Data were collected through online questionnaire survey, which is made up of four instruments: Youth Innovation Skills Measurement Tool, the Work Readiness Scale, the Vocational Rational Scale and the Perceived Future Employability Scale. The validity and reliability of these instruments were well established. Descriptive and structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses were carried out. Findings: Innovative characteristics (β = 0.252, t = 5.041, p < 0.001), vocational self-concept (β = 0.386, t = 7.131, p < 0.001) and work readiness (β = 0.219, t = 3.787, p < 0.001) had significant effects on employability of vocational college students. The model explained 53% of the variance in employability. Gender, however, did not moderate any of the three direct significant relationships. Conclusion: This study found that innovative characteristics, work readiness, and vocational self-concept are factors that should be taken into consideration when developing education and career programs, interventions, and support services for vocational students. The graduate employment issues faced by vocational college students can be overcome if factors identified in this study can be enhanced. Similar approaches can be applied for both male and female students since gender is not a significant moderator. Overall, this study sheds light on the employability of vocational graduates and contributes towards improving career guidance and counseling practices for vocational students. (DIPF/Orig.)

Farms in England and Wales continue to have low levels of crime prevention measures in use despite the increasing threat, and what is used is often ineffective. Farm crime in England and Wales is becoming increasingly organised in its nature, as such farmers are having to deal with both the ever-present threat of opportunistic thefts, but also the broadening impact of Organised Criminal Groups in the rural space. As a result of this change, farmers are very much being left on the back foot in being able to protect themselves adequately. They are no longer just facing traditional thefts, but other crime types that are now significantly challenging traditional crime prevention theories such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) often favoured by police forces in England and Wales. Such crimes include hare coursing as a sport, agrochemical theft and counterfeiting, and forced labour within the agricultural sector. As a direct result of this, farmers are finding themselves under much more significant pressure from criminality in the rural space. Crime is increasingly challenging farmer ontological security, and thus their ability to make effective decisions both around crime prevention but also general business decision-making. This coupled with an inability to protect their farm using traditional crime prevention methods may potentially have a negative impact on farmer mental health, and this should be discussed among rural crime researchers and practitioners to ensure that the wider impact is clearly understood. This position seen within England and Wales will be briefly reviewed and compared in relation to the experiences noted in the academic research being conducted across the Baltic Sea region to establish any potential similarities in patterns, and whether any learning can be taken from the situation being experienced in England and Wales. In den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben in England und Wales werden trotz zunehmender Bedrohung nach wie vor nur wenige Maßnahmen zur Verbrechensverhütung ergriffen, und das, was eingesetzt wird, ist häufig unwirksam. Die Kriminalität in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben in England und Wales wird immer stärker organisiert, sodass die Landwirte nicht nur mit der allgegenwärtigen Bedrohung durch Gelegenheitsdiebstähle konfrontiert sind, sondern auch mit dem zunehmenden Einfluss organisierter krimineller Gruppen im ländlichen Raum. Dieser Wandel hat zur Folge, dass die Landwirte nicht mehr in der Lage sind, sich angemessen zu schützen. Sie sind nicht mehr nur mit traditionellen Diebstählen konfrontiert, sondern auch mit anderen Arten von Straftaten, die die traditionellen Theorien zur Verbrechensverhütung, wie z. B. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), die von den Polizeibehörden in England und Wales häufig favorisiert werden, erheblich in Frage stellen. Zu diesen Straftaten gehören die Hasenjagd als Sport, der Diebstahl und die Fälschung von Agrochemikalien sowie die Zwangsarbeit in der Landwirtschaft. Als unmittelbare Folge davon sehen sich die Landwirte einem viel stärkeren Druck durch Kriminalität im ländlichen Raum ausgesetzt. Die Kriminalität stellt die ontologische Sicherheit der Landwirte zunehmend in Frage und damit auch ihre Fähigkeit, wirksame Entscheidungen sowohl im Bereich der Verbrechensverhütung als auch bei allgemeinen unternehmerischen Entscheidungen zu treffen. In Verbindung mit der Unfähigkeit, ihren Betrieb mit traditionellen Methoden der Verbrechensbekämpfung zu schützen, kann sich dies möglicherweise negativ auf die psychische Gesundheit der Landwirte auswirken, und dies sollte unter Forschern und Praktikern im Bereich der ländlichen Kriminalität diskutiert werden, um sicherzustellen, dass die weitreichenden Auswirkungen klar verstanden werden. Diese Situation in England und Wales wird kurz überprüft und mit den Erfahrungen aus der wissenschaftlichen Forschung im Ostseeraum verglichen, um mögliche Ähnlichkeiten in den Mustern festzustellen und um zu prüfen, ob aus der Situation in England und Wales etwas gelernt werden kann.

Ethnic–racial discrimination, the differential treatment of individuals based on ethnic or racial group membership, predicts poor mental health outcomes such as anxiety. This is supported by long-standing theories on the social determinants of health and minority stress. However, these theories are rarely expanded to neurobiological sciences, limiting our understanding of mechanisms underlying observed associations. One potential neurobiological pathway between ethnic–racial discrimination exposure and anxiety is that ongoing exposure to racially charged encounters presents imminent threats that may modify stress-sensitive neurocircuitry, like the amygdala.The current study evaluated whether amygdala volume mediated associations between ethnic–racial discrimination exposure and anxiety symptoms in Latina girls, a group exhibiting heightened levels of untreated anxiety and disproportionately subjected to ethnic–racial discrimination.Thirty predominantly Mexican-identifying Latina girls residing in Southern California (MAge = 9.76, SD = 1.11 years) completed a T1-weighted structural MRI scan. Using the Perceptions of Racism in Children and Youth, participants self-reported the prevalence and severity of various discriminatory experiences. Participants also self-reported their anxiety symptoms via the Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Emotional Disorders. Controlling for total intracranial volume and annual household income, an indirect effect of ethnic–racial discrimination on anxiety symptoms via left amygdala volume was observed, β = −0.28, SE = 0.17, BC 95% CI [−0.690, −0.017]. The current findings suggest that the left amygdala is sensitive to racialized threats in childhood and that stress-related alterations may, in part, contribute to elevated anxiety in Latina girls. Our data elucidate a potential mechanism by which this form of sociocultural stress can adversely impact mental health, particularly in the transition from middle childhood to early adolescence, a period marked by a host of interlinked neurophysiological and social changes.

Context: This article aims to determine the entrepreneurial skills of Vocational Secondary School students after the implementation of a new curriculum that promotes entrepreneurship courses in Indonesia. The authors believe that after taking such courses, students will be able to generate entrepreneurial skills. This study also explores the effect of demographic characteristics on students' entrepreneurship skills level, especially with respect to gender, school, and family. Approach: This study used a quantitative approach, with data collected through a questionnaire with five variables, that is, leadership, reflective communication, risk-taking, creatively innovative, and future orientation. Data were collected from 463 students who had taken entrepreneurship subjects that were chosen randomly. Data were analyzed using linear regression. Findings: 52.22% of our respondents had a moderate score for entrepreneurial skills, this is not in accordance with the expected learning outcomes, there are students who have entrepreneurial skills at a high level. With respect to creative innovation, in particular, a majority (53.15%) had a low score and 4.1% had a very low score. Moreover, family had a significant and positive effect on all dependent variables (leadership scores, reflective communication scores, risk-taking scores, creatively innovative scores, future orientation scores, and overall entrepreneurial skills scores). School demographic characteristics had a significant positive effect on the value of future orientation. These results indicate that private schools tend to strengthen the level of reflective communicative scores. Conclusion: The entrepreneurial skills of most vocational students are middling. This indicates that entrepreneurship subjects at Vocational Secondary schools have not been able to achieve their expected learning outcomes or help students develop entrepreneurial skills at a high level. Thus, further research is needed to determine the causes behind the problem. Schools are expected to be able to establish harmonious relationships by involving families to support the improvement of an informal learning environment that supports the mastery of entrepreneurial skills of vocational students. (DIPF/Orig.)

Migrants living in postindustrial countries are confronted with various socioeconomic challenges, including lower incomes, extended working hours, and lower occupational statuses than natives. Although health disparities linked to occupational positions have frequently been documented, they remain a relatively unexplored factor in the explanation of health gaps over time between migrants and native populations. To address this issue, we utilized longitudinal data spanning from 2002 to 2018 from the German Socio-Economic Panel to investigate disparities in physical health–related quality of life across different migrant and native German cohorts and their associations with occupational class position. Our findings reveal that overall lower occupational class positions can account for the health disparities observed between migrants and native Germans. Further, our study unveils complex relationships between initial health conditions (intercepts), changes in health over time (slopes), region of origin (European migrants, non-European migrants, and native Germans), and gender. These nuanced outcomes underscore the importance of adopting approaches that consider both region of origin and gender when seeking to enhance working conditions and facilitate access to the labor market for diverse populations. - Migranten, die in postindustriellen Ländern leben, sehen sich mit verschiedenen sozioökonomischen Herausforderungen konfrontiert. Darunter fallen niedrige Einkommen, lange Arbeitszeiten und niedrige berufliche Positionen. Während gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten in Verbindung mit beruflichen Positionen häufig dokumentiert wurden, bleiben sie ein relativ unerforschter Faktor bei der Erklärung von längsschnittlichen Gesundheitsunterschieden zwischen Migranten und einheimischen Bevölkerungen. Um dieses Problem anzugehen, wurden Längsschnittdaten aus dem Zeitraum von 2002 bis 2018 aus dem Sozio-oekonomischen Panel (SOEP) verwendet. Die Unterschiede in der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität zwischen verschiedenen Migranten-Kohorten und deutschen Kohorten ohne Migrationshintergrund werden im Zusammenhang mit der beruflichen Klassenzugehörigkeit untersucht. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insgesamt niedrigere berufliche Klassenzugehörigkeiten die beobachteten gesundheitlichen Unterschiede zwischen Migranten und einheimischen Deutschen erklären können. Darüber hinaus zeigt unsere Studie komplexe Beziehungen zwischen anfänglichen Gesundheitszuständen (Intercepts) und Veränderungen der Gesundheit im Zeitverlauf (Slopes) in Bezug auf die Herkunftsregion (europäische Migranten, nicht europäische Migranten und Deutsche ohne Migrationshintergrund) und das Geschlecht. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung integrativer Ansätze, die sowohl die Herkunftsregion als auch das Geschlecht berücksichtigen, wenn es darum geht, die Arbeitsbedingungen zu verbessern und den Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt für diverse Bevölkerungsgruppen zu erleichtern.