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To promote sustainable agricultural development in small town areas during rapid industrialization, it is important to study the evolution of agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) and its influencing factors in small town areas in the context of rapid industrialization. The non-point source inventory method was used to study the characteristics of ANSP evolution in 14 small town areas in Gongyi City from 2002 to 2019. Using the spatial Durbin model and geographical detectors, the factors influencing ANSP in small town areas were analyzed in terms of spatial spillover effects and the spatial stratified heterogeneity. The results showed a zigzagging downward trend of ANSP equivalent emissions over time. Spatially, the equivalent emissions of ANSP showed a distribution pattern of being high in the west and low in the east. There was a significant positive global spatial autocorrelation feature and there was an inverted “U-shaped” Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship between industrialization and ANSP. Affluence, population size, and cropping structure positively contributed to the reduction of ANSP. Population size, land size, and industrialization were highly influential factors affecting the spatial variation of ANSP and the interaction of these factors was bivariate or nonlinearly enhanced. This study provides a feasible reference for policymakers and managers to develop reasonable management measures to mitigate ANSP in small town areas during rapid industrialization.

The Huai River basin (located in eastern China) has a population of 180 million and has the highest risk of esophageal cancer (EC) mortality in China. Some studies found that contaminants in drinking water are a major risk factor for cancers of the digestive system. However, the effect of water pollution in the historical period on the current EC mortality remains unclear. Data were collected on the EC mortality rate in 2004 in the Huai River basin in 11 counties, and data on the surface water quality in the region from 1987 to 2004 were used. The Pearson correlation and the GeoDetector q -statistic were employed to explore the association between water pollution and the EC mortality rate in different lag periods, from linear and nonlinear perspectives, respectively. The study showed apparently spatial heterogeneity of the EC mortality rate in the region. The EC mortality rate downstream is significantly higher than that in other regions; in the midstream, the region north of the mainstream has a lower average mortality rate than that south of the area. Upstream, the region north of the mainstream has a higher mortality rate than that in the southern area. The spatial pattern was formed under the influence of water pollution in the historical period. 1996, 1997, and 1998 have the strongest linear or nonlinear effect on the EC mortality rate in 2004, in which the Pearson correlation coefficient and the q -statistic were the highest, 0.79 and 0.89, respectively. Rapid industrialization in the past 20 years has caused environmental problems and poses related health risks. The study indicated that the current EC mortality rate was mainly caused by water pollution from the previous 8 years. The findings provide knowledge about the lag time for pollution effects on the EC mortality rate, and can contribute to the controlling and preventing esophageal cancer.

Industrialization has brought about great differences in industrial development and land use demand among different regions and cities, especially in rapidly industrializing countries with a vast territory. In those areas, implementing local-specific policies on industrial land price is of great significance to improve industrial land use efficiency and facilitate the sustainable development of regional economy. Based on the land pricing monition files of 105 industrializing cities, geographically weighted regression (GWR) was applied to detect the spatial variation of the industrial land price and its main impact factors (for example, tax, leased land, population, and location quotient index) in China in 2009, 2011 and 2014. The results show that the relationships were generally spatio-temporally nonstationary. More specifically, while the effect of tax on industrial land price was significantly positive and spatially stable all over China in 2009, the effect varied spatially in the two later studied years, weakened in North and East China and strengthened in South China. The effect of leased land on industrial land price was generally negative; it was very weak in 2009 and 2011 but became negatively strong in most studied cities in 2014, except for a few cities in Middle China. Population had a significant positive effect on industrial land price in the cities of East and Northeast China. For the three studied years, the location quotient index always had negative effect in Bohai Economic Rim and positive effect in Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, and the negative effect strengthened with time. Meanwhile, the underlying reasons behind the relationships were further analyzed, showing that the spatio-temporal changes of industrial land price are closely correlated with the population mobility, industrial agglomeration, government intervention and economic situation.

Large amounts of organic pollutants emitted from industries have accumulated and caused serious human health risks, especially in urban areas with rapid industrialization. This paper focused on the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) from industrial effluent and gaseous emissions, and established a multi-pathway exposure model based on a Level IV multimedia fugacity model to analyze the human health risks in a city that has undergone rapid industrialization. In this study, GIS tools combined with land-use data was introduced to analyze smaller spatial scales so as to enhance the spatial resolution of the results. An uncertainty analysis using a Monte Carlo simulation was also conducted to illustrate the rationale of the probabilistic assessment mode rather than deterministic assessment. Finally, the results of the case study in Nanjing, China indicated the annual average human cancer risk induced by local industrial emissions during 2002-2008 (lowest at 1.99x10(-6) in 2008 and highest at 3.34x10(-6) in 2004), which was lower than the USEPA prescriptive level (1x10(-6)-1x10(-4)) but cannot be neglected in the long term. The study results could not only instruct the BaP health risk management but also help future health risk prediction and control.

Presenting a new view of German history in the late 19th century, the author argues that many of the problems of Imperial Germany were temporary ones produced by the strain of rapid industrialization. Drawing on the tools of development economics he argues that Germany passed through a labour surplus phase as described by the Lewis Model. This period came to an end around 1900, creating more favourable conditions for political reform and social reconciliation. But Germany's progress to full political and economic maturity was derailed at the outbreak of war in 1914. The author bases his argument on an analysis of the economic and demographic forces driving migration in 19th-century Germany. High rural-urban migration led to the rapid expansion of German cities. The main factors driving this were social and economic change in the countryside and the process of the demographic transition. The release of surplus labour onto urban labour markets held back wage increases and led to an increase in inequality. The German economy behaved in a way which seemed to bear out the predictions of Karl Marx, and this contributed to the appeal of Marxist ideas and the rise of the social democratic vote. However, this was a temporary phase. The labour surplus period was largely over by 1900. The rise in inequality which had begun in the 1820s came to an end, and inequality began to fall. Contrary to received wisdom, Germany was not on the brink of a general socio-economic crisis in 1914; instead it was moving away from one. However, the political system failed to take advantage of this opportunity, and Germany's dependence on imported food and raw materials led to a strategic crisis which combined disastrously with internal political problems.

This series of books brings together analytical narratives of the evolution over the past half-century of policy-imposed distortions to farmer incentives and food prices in 80 countries, drawing on a new, consistent set of estimates spanning 90 percent of the world's agricultural markets.

In the coming decades, East Asian economies must face the challenges of an increasingly globalized marketplace. This book explores the changing parameters of competition in East Asia, and argues that success ultimately will depend on the ability of the region’s firms to harness the potential of global production networks and to build their own innovative capability. Presenting the latest findings on global production networks and the evolution of technological capabilities, it provides researchers, students, and policymakers with in-depth information and analysis on key issues related to growth and development in East Asia. East Asian firms must not only achieve greater efficiency but also become more innovative, offering differentiated products in order to vie with other first-tier suppliers of multinational corporations. These firms will also need to develop a technological edge if they are to compete with corporations from the leading OECD countries and form their own global production networks. Global Production Networking and Technological Change in East Asia argues that a development strategy linked to technological advance will be necessary to foster the growth of innovative national firms that can remain competitive in global markets.

Korea's development process offers valuable lessons for other developing and less developed economies. In particular, the way Korea uses outside technologies, by accumulating indigenous capabilities, is still valid in the era of the knowledge economy. This volume examines the Korean model and Korea's march toward a knowledge economy from a poverty-ridden economy before the launch of full-scale industrialization in the early 1960s. It also emphasizes Korea's achievements, as well as remaining tasks within the four pillars of the knowledge economy, with a common theme throughout -- how Korea has narrowed the gaps in its knowledge and institutions in global competition with world leaders.

The World Development Report (WDR) has become such a fixture that it is easy to forget the circumstances under which it was born and the Bank's motivation for producing such a report at that time. In the first chapter of this essay, the authors provide a brief background on the circumstances of newly independent developing countries and summarize some of the main strands of the emerging field of development economics. This backdrop to the genesis of the WDR accounts for the orientation of the earlier reports. The thinking on development in the 1960s and 1970s also provides a baseline from which to view the evolution that has occurred since. From the coverage in the second chapter, the authors isolate a number of key issues common to several or all of the WDRs, and the author examine these issues individually at greater length in third chapter. The discussion in third chapter, which builds on the material in the WDRs, presents some views about how far development thinking and, relatedly, policy making have advanced relative to 30 years ago. It asks whether promoting growth, building institutions, tackling inequality and poverty, making aid effective, and defining the role of the state have been rendered more tractable policy wise by the knowledge encapsulated in the WDRs. Chapter four looks ahead and points to some of the big challenges that the Bank might explore through future WDRs and the value it can add through the knowledge acquired from its cross-country operations and research.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Deferential Planning (“Technicist Planning”) Social Reform Planning Social Justice Planning Conclusion