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"REFERENCE."
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From the brain to the classroom : the encyclopedia of learning
\"Supplying a foundation for understanding the development of the brain and the learning process, this text examines the physical and environmental factors that influence how we acquire and retain information throughout our lives. The book also lays out practical strategies that educators can take directly into the classroom\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Too much to know
The flood of information brought to us by advancing technology is often accompanied by a distressing sense of \"information overload,\" yet this experience is not unique to modern times. In fact, says Ann M. Blair in this intriguing book, the invention of the printing press and the ensuing abundance of books provoked sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European scholars to register complaints very similar to our own. Blair examines methods of information management in ancient and medieval Europe as well as the Islamic world and China, then focuses particular attention on the organization, composition, and reception of Latin reference books in print in early modern Europe. She explores in detail the sophisticated and sometimes idiosyncratic techniques that scholars and readers developed in an era of new technology and exploding information.
eBook
On reference
Most of the times we open our mouth to communicate, we talk about things. This can happen because (some of) the linguistic expressions we use have semantic properties that connect them to extra-linguistic entities. Thanks to these properties, they may be used by us to refer to things. Or, as we may also say, they themselves refer to things, though in certain cases they do so only relative to a context of use. But how can we characterize the semantic properties in question? What exactly is reference? Philosophers have been trying to answer these questions at least since Plato's Cratylus, but not until the last century, when language occupied center-stage in philosophy, did the problem come to be felt as really pressing. In the last decade of the nineteenth century, Gottlob Frege produced an account of reference that set the stage for the contemporary discussion. Nevertheless, around 1970 a number of powerful arguments against it were produced by Saul Kripke and others. As a result, many philosophers began to look at reference from a new perspective, which highlighted the crucial role played in its determination by mundane aspects that are not under the direct control of the speaker. This semantic revolution, however, left us with a number of open problems. The eighteen original essays collected in this volume deal with many of these problems, thus contributing to our understanding of the nature of reference, its role in cognition, and the place it should be given in semantic theory.
Book
Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids
Responding to the expansion of scientific knowledge about the roles of nutrients in human health, the Institute of Medicine has developed a new approach to establish Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and other nutrient reference values. The new title for these values Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), is the inclusive name being given to this new approach. These are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes applicable to healthy individuals in the United States and Canada. This new book is part of a series of books presenting dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients. It establishes recommendations for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. This book presents new approaches and findings which include the following:
The establishment of Estimated Energy Requirements at four levels of energy expenditure
Recommendations for levels of physical activity to decrease risk of chronic disease
The establishment of RDAs for dietary carbohydrate and protein
The development of the definitions of Dietary Fiber, Functional Fiber, and Total Fiber
The establishment of Adequate Intakes (AI) for Total Fiber
The establishment of AIs for linolenic and a-linolenic acids
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges as a percent of energy intake for fat, carbohydrate, linolenic and a-linolenic acids, and protein
Research recommendations for information needed to advance understanding of macronutrient requirements and the adverse effects associated with intake of higher amounts
Also detailed are recommendations for both physical activity and energy expenditure to maintain health and decrease the risk of disease.
eBook
The perfection of the paper clip : curious tales of invention, accidental genius, and stationery obsession
\"This ... book will change the way you look at your desk forever with stories of accidental genius, bitter rivalries, and an appreciation for everyday objects, like the humble but perfectly designed paper clip and the utilitarian, irreplaceable pencil\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Recommendation on an updated standardization of serum magnesium reference ranges
PurposeSerum magnesium is the most frequently used laboratory test for evaluating clinical magnesium status. Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium status), which is associated with many chronic diseases, is diagnosed using the serum magnesium reference range. Currently, no international consensus for a magnesemia normal range exists. Two independent groups designated 0.85 mmol/L (2.07 mg/dL; 1.7 mEq/L) as the low cut-off point defining hypomagnesemia. MaGNet discussions revealed differences in serum magnesium reference ranges used by members’ hospitals and laboratories, presenting an urgent need for standardization.MethodsWe gathered and compared serum magnesium reference range values from our institutions, hospitals, and colleagues worldwide.ResultsSerum magnesium levels designating “hypomagnesemia” differ widely. Of 43 collected values, only 2 met 0.85 mmol/L as the low cut-off point to define hypomagnesemia. The remainder had lower cut-off values, which may underestimate hypomagnesemia diagnosis in hospital, clinical, and research assessments. Current serum magnesium reference ranges stem from “normal” populations, which unknowingly include persons with chronic latent magnesium deficit (CLMD). Serum magnesium levels of patients with CLMD fall within widely used “normal” ranges, but their magnesium status is too low for long-term health. The lower serum magnesium reference (0.85 mmol/L) proposed specifically prevents the inclusion of patients with CLMD.ConclusionsWidely varying serum magnesium reference ranges render our use of this important medical tool imprecise, minimizing impacts of low magnesium status or hypomagnesemia as a marker of disease risk. To appropriately diagnose, increase awareness of, and manage magnesium status, it is critical to standardize lower reference values for serum magnesium at 0.85 mmol/L (2.07 mg/dL; 1.7 mEq/L).
Journal Article
Strategy for the realisation of the International Height Reference System (IHRS)
In 2015, the International Association of Geodesy defined the International Height Reference System (IHRS) as the conventional gravity field-related global height system. The IHRS is a geopotential reference system co-rotating with the Earth. Coordinates of points or objects close to or on the Earth’s surface are given by geopotential numbers
C
(
P
) referring to an equipotential surface defined by the conventional value
W
0
= 62,636,853.4 m
2
s
−2
, and geocentric Cartesian coordinates
X
referring to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS). Current efforts concentrate on an accurate, consistent, and well-defined realisation of the IHRS to provide an international standard for the precise determination of physical coordinates worldwide. Accordingly, this study focuses on the strategy for the realisation of the IHRS; i.e. the establishment of the International Height Reference Frame (IHRF). Four main aspects are considered: (1) methods for the determination of IHRF physical coordinates; (2) standards and conventions needed to ensure consistency between the definition and the realisation of the reference system; (3) criteria for the IHRF reference network design and station selection; and (4) operational infrastructure to guarantee a reliable and long-term sustainability of the IHRF. A highlight of this work is the evaluation of different approaches for the determination and accuracy assessment of IHRF coordinates based on the existing resources, namely (1) global gravity models of high resolution, (2) precise regional gravity field modelling, and (3) vertical datum unification of the local height systems into the IHRF. After a detailed discussion of the advantages, current limitations, and possibilities of improvement in the coordinate determination using these options, we define a strategy for the establishment of the IHRF including data requirements, a set of minimum standards/conventions for the determination of potential coordinates, a first IHRF reference network configuration, and a proposal to create a component of the International Gravity Field Service (IGFS) dedicated to the maintenance and servicing of the IHRS/IHRF.
Journal Article
The Oxford classical dictionary
\"Completely revised and updated, the fourth edition of this established dictionary offers entries on all aspects of the classical world. With reception and anthropology as new focus areas and numerous new entries, it is an essential reference work for students, scholars, and teachers of classics and for anyone with an interest in the classical era\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
Dietary Reference Intakes
for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative estimates of nutrient
intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. This
new report, the sixth in a series of reports presenting dietary reference values
for the intakes of nutrients by Americans and Canadians, establishes
nutrient recommendations on water, potassium, and salt for health maintenance
and the reduction of chronic disease risk.
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
discusses in detail the role of water, potassium, salt, chloride, and sulfate in
human physiology and health. The major findings in this book include the
establishment of Adequate Intakes for total water (drinking water, beverages,
and food), potassium, sodium, and chloride and the establishment of
Tolerable Upper Intake levels for sodium and chloride. The book makes
research recommendations for information needed to advance the understanding
of human requirements for water and electrolytes, as well as
adverse effects associated with the intake of excessive amounts of water,
sodium, chloride, potassium, and sulfate. This book will be an invaluable
reference for nutritionists, nutrition researchers, and food manufacturers.
eBook