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The article is an attempt to explore through the lens of my identification as a foreigner, a number of different themes around work in comparative education, particularly aspects of the question of method, and some reflections on the relationship with education and international development. The discussion begins with some reflection on internal or external foreignness, and the ways in which these identifications within my autobiography are heterodox, not singular and co-constructed with many relationships, changing over time. Some different formulations of pluralism and engagements with the capability approach are discussed drawing out some of the resources they provide for exploring approaches in comparative education. In the final section, some features of the idea of reflexive comparison as a methodological resource are sketched.

This book reviews quantitative methods and models of impact evaluation. The formal literature on impact evaluation methods and practices is large, with a few useful overviews. Yet there is a need to put the theory into practice in a hands-on fashion for practitioners. This book also details challenges and goals in other realms of evaluation, including monitoring and evaluation (M&E), operational evaluation, and mixed-methods approaches combining quantitative and qualitative analyses. This book is organized as follows. Chapter two reviews the basic issues pertaining to an evaluation of an intervention to reach certain targets and goals. It distinguishes impact evaluation from related concepts such as M&E, operational evaluation, qualitative versus quantitative evaluation, and ex-ante versus ex post impact evaluation. Chapter three focuses on the experimental design of an impact evaluation, discussing its strengths and shortcomings. Various non-experimental methods exist as well, each of which are discussed in turn through chapters four to seven. Chapter four examines matching methods, including the propensity score matching technique. Chapter five deal with double-difference methods in the context of panel data, which relax some of the assumptions on the potential sources of selection bias. Chapter six reviews the instrumental variable method, which further relaxes assumptions on self-selection. Chapter seven examines regression discontinuity and pipeline methods, which exploit the design of the program itself as potential sources of identification of program impacts. Specifically, chapter eight presents a discussion of how distributional impacts of programs can be measured, including new techniques related to quantile regression. Chapter nine discusses structural approaches to program evaluation, including economic models that can lay the groundwork for estimating direct and indirect effects of a program. Finally, chapter ten discusses the strengths and weaknesses of experimental and non-experimental methods and also highlights the usefulness of impact evaluation tools in policy making.

Very little is known about the actual impact of projects on the poor. Many are reluctant to carry out impact evaluations because they are deemed expensive, time consuming, and technically complex, and because the findings can be politically sensitive. Yet a rigorous evaluation can be powerful in assessing the appropriateness and effectiveness of programs. Evaluating impact is particularly critical in developing where resources are scarce and every dollar spent should aim to maximize its impact on poverty reduction. This handbook seeks to provide project managers and policy analysts with the tools needed for evaluating project impact. It is aimed at readers with a general knowledge of statistics. Chapter 1 presents an overview of concepts and methods, Chapter 2 discusses key steps and related issues to consider in implementation, Chapter 3 illustrates various analytical techniques through a case study, and Chapter 4 includes a discussion of lessons that have been reviewed for this handbook. The case studies, included in Annex I, were selected from a range of evaluations carried out by the Bank, other donor agencies, research institutions, and private consulting firms. Also included in the annexes are samples of the main components that would be necessary in planning any impact evaluation - sample terms of reference, a budget, impact indicators, a log frame, and a matrix of analysis.

The paper deals with the general issues of linguistic creativity and outlines that it manifests itself most clearly in poetic text. We analyze the neological forms of poetry from this viewpoint and point out that they resulted from the interaction of the word-formative and grammatical levels of language. We also systematize the models of derivation from such parts of speech that were not previously involved in the process of word formation, for example, the nouns derived from pronouns, the imperative forms with nonstandard patterns of government, reflexive verbs with a modified actant structure, short adjectives formed from relative complete forms and the forms of comparative adjectives. The revealed productivity and paradigmatic nature of the neological formations allow asserting that the models for their derivation are potentially embedded in the language, which enables each of them to realize themselves in individual author's forms. At the same time, the contextual analysis has shown that innovations acquire the creative function in texts. The study confirms that language creativity is a special category of linguistic poetics and an area for studying those individual author's transformations in the field of poetic speech that serve as the basis for renovation and expanding the very system of poetic language.

This paper explores the space of translation spanning cross-cultural description and the verbal act of rendering in one language what is expressed in another. We make a three-way distinction between translation as a method of revealing difference and similarity, cultural interpretation, which is related but distinct, and endogenous translation that takes place within a single language or culture. Intracultural translation plays a constitutive role in the social life of any human group, and not only in mediating between different groups and languages. This is evident in all varieties of reported speech, paraphrase, commentary, and exegesis. These share with translation two features that distinguish it from other kinds of interpretation: a translation both refers to and paraphrases its source text. It is the target language into which one translates that ultimately constrains the process. An adequate target language must be functionally capable of self-interpetation through metalanguage. Cross-linguistic translation presupposes intralinguistic translation. Historical examples of languages changing through intertranslation abound in (post)colonial contexts in which authoritative texts in a dominant language are translated into a subordinated language. This process inevitably alters the semantics and pragmatics of the subordinate language. The direction, scope, and depth of change are historically variable. Examples are adduced from modern and colonial Yucatec Maya and Spanish.

i‘Soul’, ‘self’, ‘substance’, and ‘person’ are just four of the terms often used to refer to the human individual. Cutting across metaphysics, ethics and religion, the nature of personal identity and the self is a fundamental and long-standing puzzle in philosophy. Personal Identity and Applied Ethics introduces and examines different conceptions of the self, our nature, and personal identity and considers the implications of these for applied ethics. A key feature of the book is that it considers a range of different approaches to personal identity: philosophical, religious and cross-cultural, including perspectives from non-Western traditions. Within this comparative framework, Andrea Sauchelli examines the following topics: Early views of the soul in Plato, Christianity, and Descartes; The Buddhist ‘no-self’ views and the self as a fiction; Confucian ideas of our nature and the importance of self-cultivation as constitutive of the self; Locke’s theory of personal identity as continuity of consciousness and memory and objections by Butler and Reid as well as contemporary critics; The theory of ‘animalism’ and arguments concerning embodied concepts of personal identity; Practical and narrative theories of personal identity and moral agency; Personal identity and issues in applied ethics, including abortion, organ transplantation, and the idea of life after death; Implications of life-extending technologies for personal identity. Throughout the book Sauchelli also considers the views of important recent philosophers such as Sydney Shoemaker, Bernard Williams, Derek Parfit, Marya Schechtman, and Christine Korsgaard, placing these in helpful historical context. Chapter summaries, a glossary of key terms, and suggestions for further reading make this a refreshing, approachable introduction to personal identity and applied ethics. It is an ideal text for courses on personal identity that consider both Western and non-Western approaches and that apply theories of personal identity to ethical problems. It will also be of interest to those in related subjects such as religious studies and history of ideas.ii iii

The German system of industrial relations has an international comparison commonly on a high degree of legalization. Even more surprising is the fact that the law and its actors, institutions and processes in research on industrial relations received little explicit attention for decades.

Northern Paamese and Southeast Ambrym, two languages of Central Vanuatu, share a set of sound changes involving vocalization and loss of *l. One subpart of this sound change results in loss of *l word-initially before non-high vowels. An interesting aspect of this sound change is that it appears to apply in all word classes except verbs. Indeed, Crowley (1997) suggests that Northern Paamese *l-loss is a clear case of sound change with grammatical conditioning. In this paper we suggest that phonological and morphological aspects of verbal inflectional paradigms have given rise to the apparent exceptionality of *l-loss in these two languages. Phonological factors result in continuation of *l, while the structure of inflectional paradigms has given rise to analogical restoration of initial /l/ in all verbs where it is expected to be lost. Under this analysis, initial *l-loss can be seen to have applied without exception, and without grammatical conditioning.

This chapter contains sections titled: Crisis Compare Why? References and Further Reading