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"REFORESTATION"
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Scrub typhus in Nan province
Background Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted by chigger mites (Leptotrombidium), is a major health problem in northern Thailand, particularly in Nan province. Land cover change, by altering the ecosystem, could affect the ecology of the vector and consequently the risk of scrub typhus transmission. Methodology/principal findings This study investigated the impact of land cover changes on scrub typhus transmission in 2.5 km buffer zones around each village of Nan Province between 2003 and 2019. Using the open land cover data of the European Spatial Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI), we quantified land cover composition and land cover changes and integrated public health data on scrub typhus cases, as well as information on elevation, population, and slope. Generalized Additive Models were applied to assess the effects of land cover changes on annual scrub typhus cases. Scrub typhus cases increased significantly during the study period, peaking in 2012 and 2016, mainly in mountainous areas rather than in the Nan River valley. Land cover associated with cases included shrubland, mosaic land, broadleaf forest, and needleleaf forest. Cases increased with shrubland and mosaic land, displayed an inverted U-shaped relationship with broadleaf forest, and decreased with needleleaf forest. Key land cover change factors included shrubland transitions, population, and geographic interactions. Reforestation (from shrubland to broadleaf forest) showed an inverted U-shaped relationship with cases, whereas stable broadleaf forest and loss of shrubland to grassland became non-significant. Male population increased cases. Conclusions/significance This study highlights the importance of land cover changes in understanding disease transmission and suggests that landscapes disturbance may create optimal conditions for O. tsutsugamushi transmission. This is a novel regional-scale exploration of land cover impacts on scrub typhus in Thailand.
Journal Article
Stakeholders and tropical reforestation: challenges, trade-offs, and strategies in dynamic environments
Reforestation involves potential trade-offs: hard choices between environmental and social benefits, individual and community benefits, and among stakeholders who bear different costs and benefits. In this manuscript, we aim to show that successful long-term reforestation requires stakeholder engagement beyond planning stages and a recognition of the dynamism of stakeholder outlooks as stakeholders’ opportunities, relationships, interests, and roles change over time. We first summarize lessons from recent literature on stakeholder involvement within reforestation efforts. We then present findings from a multiple-stakeholder workshop organized in west-central Mexico, in which we illustrate their choices on how to navigate trade-offs among different reforestation intervention strategies (agroforestry/silvopastoral, natural regeneration, native species reforestation, commercial plantations). We confirm that individual stakeholders’circumstances, interests, and roles, as well as the contextual factors shaping them, are dynamic, continually changing the nature of the choices stakeholders face. Finally, we propose a four-phase pathway for addressing dynamic trade-offs and synergies in stakeholder participation in order to select, implement, and sustain successful reforestation activities. The pathway comprises four phases: (1) collaborate to devise a reforestation strategy through dialogue about dynamic trade-offs; (2) pledge robust stakeholder commitments to mutual arrangements for implementing reforestation; (3) implement reforestation interventions; and (4) adjust strategy through continuous evaluation of outcomes. We then elucidate how components of these four phases can be operationalized so that, on one side, scientists and practitioners might better understand the dynamic trade-offs reforestation poses for stakeholders, and on the other, stakeholders might balance their hard choices in ways that promote forest recovery.
Journal Article
Treekeepers : race for a forested future
\"In recent years, planting a tree has become a catchall to represent \"doing something good for the planet.\" Many companies commit to planting a tree with every purchase. But who plants those trees and where? Will they flourish and offer the benefits that people expect? Can all the individual efforts around the world help remedy the ever-looming climate crisis? In Treekeepers, Lauren E. Oakes takes us on a poetic and practical journey from the Scottish Highlands to the Panamanian jungle to meet the scientists, innovators, and local citizens who each offer part of the answer. Their work isn't just about planting lots of trees, but also about understanding what it takes to grow or regrow a forest and to protect what remains. Throughout, Oakes shows the complex roles of forests in the fight against climate change, and of the people who are giving trees a chance with hope for our mutual survival. Timely, meticulously reported, and ultimately optimistic, Treekeepers teaches us how to live with a sense of urgency in our warming world, to find beauty in the present for ourselves and our children, and to take action big or small\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
IPinus pinaster/I Diameter, Height, and Volume Estimation Using Mask-RCNN
Pinus pinaster, commonly called the maritime pine, is a vital species in Mediterranean forests. Its ability to thrive in the local climate and rapid growth make it an essential resource for wood production and reforestation efforts. Accurately estimating the volume of wood within a pine forest is of great significance to the wood industry. The traditional process is either a rough estimation without measurements or a time-consuming process based on manual measurements and calculations. This article presents a method for determining a tree’s diameter, total height, and volume based on a photograph. The method involves placing reference targets of known dimensions on the trees. A deep learning neural network is used to extract the tree trunk and the targets from the background, and the dimensions of the trunk are estimated based on the dimensions of the targets. The results indicate less than 10% estimation errors for diameter, height, and volume in general. The proposed methodology automates the estimation of the dendrometric characteristics of trees, reducing field time consumed in a forest inventory and without the need to use nonprofessional instruments.
Journal Article
Current and Future Spatial Distribution of the Genus ICinchona/I in Peru: Opportunities for Conservation in the Face of Climate Change
The genus Cinchona belongs to the Rubiaceae family and comprises native Peruvian tree species distributed in tropical areas. It is currently endangered due to human disturbance and overexploitation for medicinal, forestry and food uses. To date, the current and future distribution of Cinchona spp. under the climate change scenario is unknown. Here, we modeled the present and future spatial distribution of the genus Cinchona using bioclimatic, edaphic and topographic variables using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). The results indicate that 8.08% (103,547.89 km[sup.2]) and 6.02% (77,163.81 km[sup.2]) of the surface of Peru possesses areas with high and moderate distribution probabilities, respectively, to host the genus Cinchona, distributed mainly in the departments of Cusco, Amazonas, San Martín and Cajamarca. Furthermore, according to future climate scenarios, the areas of high suitability will increase their extension for the years 2050 and 2070 by 3.65% and 3.9%, respectively. Since Peru seeks to promote the forest sector to be the other force for its development, this study can be considered as a basis for the establishment of priority zones for the conservation, restoration, reforestation and sustainable management of Cinchona spp. species in Peru.
Journal Article