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"REFORM AND REORGANIZATION"
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Competing Assertions of Muslim Masculinity in Contemporary Mali
This article counters the 'female bias' of scholarship on Islam and gender in Africa by exploring competing understandings of ideal masculinity and what it means to be a respectable Muslim in urban Mali. Special attention is paid to competing constructions of Muslim masculinity that inform the project of Islamic moral and political reform that has gained currency in southern and northern Mali in recent decades. The article scrutinizes the double idiom of reform and conservation articulated by leading spokesmen of Islamic renewal in different parts of Mali and their varying ways of incorporating transnational Islamic intellectual influences. While living conditions in the urban south and north of the country grant young men unequal chances for economic success and political influence, they all face a situation in which education generates and reproduces structural inequality, granting uneven chances for employment, social maturity, and respectability. It is because of their shared dilemmas that many young men support moral and political reform that allows them to gain respectability as a man and 'proper' Muslim. By considering the political aspirations, social grievances, and constructions of masculinity articulated by different categories of young men, the article demonstrates the heterogeneity and entanglements of the visions and measures promoted under the heading of political and moral Islamic renewal in Mali.
Journal Article
Judicial control of administrative activity and advantages of reorganization of the juridical system in the Republic of Kosovo
Scientific research paper entitled “Judicial control of administrative activity and advantages of reorganization of the judicial system in the Republic of Kosovo” is treated with standard writing, including the introductory part and corresponding chapters.In the introductory part of the paper is emphasized the importance of the topic which is treated, with particular emphasis on the importance of judicial control in the Republic of Kosovo.This paper aims to achieve three main goals: Firstly, highlighting the importance and ways of functioning of judicial control in general, secondly, explication the method of treatment and the importance of the application of judicial control in the Republic of Kosovo and thirdly, highlighting the challenges of judicial control in the Republic of Kosovo, especially after the reorganization of the judicial system.The paper is structured as follows: introduction, general views on judicial control, including the importance of judicial control. Within the structure, important theses constitute those theses dedicated to administrative justice in the Republic of Kosovo, the legislative framework and judicial system reform in the Republic of Kosovo, including its impact on the functioning of the administrative judiciary.In the last part of the paper there are clear and consistent conclusions and significant recommendations relating to general views about judicial control, with particular emphasis on their practical implementation in the Republic of Kosovo and the way of adjustment with the reforms in the field of administrative justice which are at the beginnings of the implementation.
Journal Article
Patriarchal Masculinity in Recent Swahili-language Muslim Sermons
This paper offers a close examination of statements on patriarchal masculinity from three widely traded sermon recordings produced in Zanzibar, Tanzania. It sets them in the context of Islamic reform, Muslim political discontent, and the consumption of sermon recordings in East Africa. Despite similar assertions on the need for men to protect and control women, in close reading the three preachers offer quite divergent characterisations of the patriarch's methods, obligations, and entitlements within the household. The sermons show that Islamic reform in Zanzibar cannot be reduced to political discontent, and that it hearkens back to longstanding regional history. They also suggest that the concept of patriarchy is more relevant to the understanding of asymmetrical gender relations than recent discussion of Western gender relations has allowed, and highlight the centrality of bearing and rearing children as a site for both assertion and failure of patriarchal control. Lastly, they indicate the failure of sermon preachers and listeners to coalesce into a coherent counterpublic.
Journal Article
Aïcha's Sounith Hair Salon: Friendship, Profit, and Resistance in Dakar
Whereas high-profile women leaders in Dakar, Senegal's Sunnī movement engage public media like radio and television to disseminate their movement's ideals of Islamic reform and modesty for women, lesser-known female authorities convert private spaces like their homes into public forums (“internal publics”) as a means to perpetuate Sunnī norms. This article examines the case of Aïcha, who as owner of a prosperous Sunnī beauty salon that she operates in her living room, educates other women about reformist values and provides employment for female adherents. In this way, lesser-known female authorities like Aïcha may spread more potent political and countercultural messages about state secularism, tarīqas, and Muslim femininity for the movement than illustrious female Sunnī leaders.
Journal Article
Educating Muslim Women and the Izala Movement in Zaria City, Nigeria
Expanding Islamic education has been a primary objective of the reformist Islamic movement, Jamaʿatu Izalat al-Bidʿa wa Iqamat al-Sunna (the Society for the Removal of Innovation and the Reinstatement of Tradition), also known as ízala. In the early 1980s, Izala leaders established classes for married women focusing on primary Islamic texts, particularly the Qurʾan and hadith, which were taught in several quarters in Zaria City, in northern Nigeria. Although Izala teachers and students initially faced considerable resistance, many married women insisted on attending classes and eventually, these classes came to be widely accepted. By 2002, over twenty-six Islamiyya schools with classes for married women had opened in Zaria City, which reflects both the widespread approval of married women's education and a broader acceptance of the Izala movement there. Women's attendance at these classes not only contributed to the introduction of the Izala's underlying concepts but it also relates to theoretical debates concerning women's autonomy and authority within Islam. While some may question the extent to which these classes have increased Muslim women's agency, married women attending ízala classes in Zaria City have their own views about the position of women in their community and have sought to address this situation on their own terms.
Journal Article
From the Editor
Remarks on the late release of the 2001 volume of \"Theatre Studies.\" Introduces the articles in the journal and notes that the 2001 issue will be the last paper edition due to the unfavorable fiscal climate for higher education in Ohio.
Journal Article
Imperial Rivalries and Reforms
This chapter contains sections titled:
Introduction: Europe and Ibero‐America 1700–1808: an Overview
War and Diplomacy
The Bourbon Reforms in Spanish America
Portugal and Brazil in the Eighteenth Century
Conclusion
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