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"REFUGEE CAMPS"
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Kakuma Refugee Camp : humanitarian urbanism in Kenya's accidental city
An extensive ethnographic analysis of one of the world's largest refugee camps, revealing a distinct form of urbanization and its unique challenges for effective humanitarian strategies.
Book
Landscape of Hope and Despair
Nearly half of the world's eight million Palestinians are registered refugees, having faced partition and exile. Landscape of Hope and Despair examines this refugee experience in Lebanon through the medium of spatial practices and identity, set against the backdrop of prolonged violence. Julie Peteet explores how Palestinians have dealt with their experience as refugees by focusing attention on how a distinctive Palestinian identity has emerged from and been informed by fifty years of refugee history. Concentrating ethnographic scrutiny on a site-specific experience allows the author to shed light on the mutually constitutive character of place and cultural identification.Palestinian refugee camps are contradictory places: sites of grim despair but also of hope and creativity. Within these cramped spaces, refugees have crafted new worlds of meaning and visions of the possible in politics. In the process, their historical predicament was a point of departure for social action and thus became radically transformed. Beginning with the calamity of 1948, Landscape of Hope and Despair traces the dialectic of place and cultural identification through the initial despair of the 1950s and early 1960s to the tumultuous days of the resistance and the violence of the Lebanese civil war and its aftermath. Most significantly, this study invokes space, place, and identity to construct an alternative to the received national narratives of Palestinian society and history.The moving stories told here form a larger picture of these refugees as a people struggling to recreate their sense of place and identity and add meaning to their surroundings through the use of culture and memory.
eBook
No Path Home
\"No Path Homeis an extremely interesting, engaging, and well-written book. Elizabeth Cullen Dunn's fluid and clear prose paints a very evocative picture of life for internally displaced persons as well as presenting a clear theoretical account.\"-Laura Hammond, SOAS University of London, author ofThis Place Will Become Home
For more than 60 million displaced people around the world, humanitarian aid has become a chronic condition.No Path Homedescribes its symptoms in detail. Elizabeth Cullen Dunn shows how war creates a deeply damaged world in which the structures that allow people to occupy social roles, constitute economic value, preserve bodily integrity, and engage in meaningful daily practice have been blown apart.After the Georgian war with Russia in 2008, Dunn spent sixteen months immersed in the everyday lives of the 28,000 people placed in thirty-six resettlement camps by official and nongovernmental organizations acting in concert with the Georgian government. She reached the conclusion that the humanitarian condition poses a survival problem that is not only biological but also existential. InNo Path Home, she paints a moving picture of the ways in which humanitarianism leaves displaced people in limbo, neither in a state of emergency nor able to act as normal citizens in the country where they reside.
eBook
The determinants of handwashing behaviour among internally displaced women in two camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Diarrhoea is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity among populations displaced due to conflict. Handwashing with soap has the potential to halve the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in crisis contexts. This study aimed to identify which determinants drive handwashing behaviour in post-conflict, displacement camps.
This study was conducted in two camps for internally displaced people in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A Barrier Analysis questionnaire was used for assessing the determinants of hand washing behaviour. Participants were screened and classified as either 'doers' (those who wash their hands with soap at critical times) or 'non-doers' (those who do not wash their hands with soap at critical times). Forty-five doers and non-doers were randomly selected from each camp and asked about behavioural determinants. The Barrier Analysis standard tabulation sheet was used for the analysis.
No differences were observed between doers and non-doers in relation to self-efficacy, action efficacy, the difficulties and benefits of handwashing, and levels of access to soap and water. In the first of the two camps, non-doers found it harder to remember to wash their hands (P = 0.045), had lower perceived vulnerability to diarrhoea (P = 0.037), lower perceived severity of diarrhoea (P = 0.020) and were aware of 'policies' which supported handwashing with soap (P = 0.037). In the second camp non-doers had lower perceived vulnerability to diarrhoea (P = 0.017).
In these camp settings handwashing behaviour, and the factors that determine it, was relatively homogenous because of the homogeneity of the settings and the socio-demographics of population. Handwashing programmes should seek to improve the convenience and quality of handwashing facilities, create cues to trigger handwashing behaviour and increase perceived risk. We identify several ways to improve the validity of the Barrier Analysis method such as using it in combination with other more holistic qualitative tools and revising the statistical analysis.
Journal Article
Associations between refugee camp living and duration lived in refugee camps with health outcomes: A cross-sectional analysis of the Annual Survey of Refugees, 2021-2022
Refugees represent a growing, marginalized population who experience significant health disparities. Approximate 20% of refugees live in refugee camps. Quantitative studies examining the health effects of refugees living in refugee camps are limited. We examined whether living in camps (and duration) is associated with worse health among U.S. refugees.
We used two years of cross-sectional data from the Annual Survey of Refugees (ASR 2021 and 2022), involving refugees ≥ 16 years old who entered the U.S. between FY 2016 and FY 2021. We tested for associations of living in a refugee camp (and duration) with self-reported physical and mental health using separate logistic regression models.
In this national sample of 3,005 refugees (mean age = 39.0 years, SD = 12.4 years; 46% women, 30% White, 31% Black, 18% Asian), more than one in three (37%) reported living in a refugee camp - of whom, over 88% lived in a refugee camp for a year or more or their whole life. Living in refugee camps was highest for refugees from Democratic Republic of Congo (75%), Somalia (58%), and Burma (44%). In adjusted analyses, compared to those who did not live in camps, those who lived in camps for ≥1 year had 27% greater odds of poor physical health (aOR: 1.27 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.60]). Association of camp living with mental health became insignificant when adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics.
Refugees who lived in refugee camps, and for longer duration, may require targeted interventions to mitigate health harms from their refugee camp experience.
Journal Article
Education in emergencies: challenges of providing education for Rohingya children living in refugee camps in Bangladesh
The Rohingya is a stateless minority group in Myanmar, suffering from ethnic and religious armed conflicts, state persecution, and displacement. Since the escalation of violent conflicts in the early 2010s, they have fled the country and sought refuge in neighbouring countries, and in the biggest numbers, in Bangladesh. Living in densely populated refugee camps, Rohingya children receive very limited access to education and are exceptionally vulnerable to illnesses, violence and trafficking. This discussion paper describes the conditions and contexts under which education is offered, and identifies the serious problems and gaps in provision for Rohingya children in Bangladeshi refugee camps.
Journal Article