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This research examines the impact of a salient global (or local) identity on individual's regulatory goals. Specifically, we show that when people's identity as a global citizen is salient, they are more likely to focus on promotion goals; whereas when their identity as a local citizen is salient, they are more likely to focus on prevention goals. We further show that this arises because people are likely to adopt a more abstract or higher level (vs. concrete or lower level) construal when their global (local) identity is salient. Evidence from three studies supports this central proposition.

Introduction Numerous studies have explored the effect of cognitive reappraisal before or after emotion‐inducing events. However, only a few studies have examined the influence of regulatory timing on the effectiveness of reappraisal. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of regulatory timing and goals in reappraisal regulation, which would help promote the specific application of cognitive reappraisal in emotion regulation. We hypothesized that decrease reappraisal would be more effective when initiated early rather than late, but increase reappraisal would be more effective when initiated in the emotional high‐activation phase. Methods This study, via event‐related potential (ERP) technique, probed the influence of the timing and regulatory goal on negative emotion when reappraisal was introduced, respectively 500 ms before (anticipatory), 2,000 ms after (online 2,000 ms) picture onset (in Experiment 1), 500 ms after (online 500 ms) picture onset, and 1,500 ms after (online 1,500 ms) picture onset (in Experiment 2). Results Based on the ERP results, under the anticipatory regulation condition, the LPP amplitude in the parietal area was significantly reduced by decrease reappraisal during 700–2,100 ms after picture onset, and under the online 500 ms regulation condition, the LPP in central and parietal areas was significantly enhanced by increase reappraisal during 450–750 ms after regulatory cue onset. Moreover, our results showed that increase reappraisal evoked a larger prefrontal or frontal LPP than decrease reappraisal beginning at about 700 ms after picture onset under the anticipatory regulation condition and beginning at 450 ms after regulatory cue onset under the online 500 ms regulation condition, which may reflect increased cognitive effort and mental conflict associated with increase reappraisal. Conclusion The anticipatory reappraisal successfully decreased negative emotion, and online 500 ms reappraisal successfully increased negative emotion. Our results support the hypothesis. Regulatory timings have influence on effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal. Reappraisal successfully decreased negative emotion under the anticipatory regulation. Online 500 ms reappraisal successfully increased negative emotion. Increase reappraisal might need increased cognitive effort and more mental conflict.

The Schumpeterian process of 'creative destruction' is an essential ingredient of a dynamic economy. In many countries around the world, however, this process is weakened by pervasive regulation of product and factor markets. This book documents the regulatory obstacles faced by firms, particularly in developing countries, and assesses their implications for firm renewal and macroeconomic performance. Combining a variety of methodological approaches--analytical and empirical, micro and macroeconomic, single- and cross-country-- the book provides evidence that streamlining the regulatory framework would have a significant social pay-off, particularly in developing countries that are also burdened by weak governance. The book's chapters trace out analytically and empirically the links between microeconomic policies and distortions, on the one hand, and aggregate performance in terms of productivity, growth and volatility, on the other. The volume adds to a novel but increasingly influential literature that seeks to understand macroeconomic phenomena from a microeconomic perspective, and derive the relevant lessons for development policy. Such literature is still fairly scarce in the case of industrial countries, and virtually in its infancy for developing countries.

Introduction The relevance of self-regulation in gifted adolescents consists in the fact that the regulatory characteristics of this sample have not been studied yet. [...]no previous studies have defined and described the regulatory skills of the gifted children; these skills include goal setting, ability to plan one's own activity, ability to model subjective and objective conditions of performing the activity, as well as the ability to evaluate the obtained result. According to the foreign authors, educational failures of gifted school students are caused by various internal and external reasons that prevent the actualization of their achievement potential, which is often more accessible by their less skillful peers. Significant differences (p<0,001) we revealed between 12-13-year-old students (gifted students and the control group) for all regulatory skills (goal-setting, planning, modelling and evaluation). [...]the ability to set a goal, execute the actions of planning according to internal and external conditions of activity execution and evaluate the activity results according to the set goal was developed better in gifted students, compared to the control group. [...]of the statistical analysis, we created correlation matrixes (Fig. 1).

Infrastructure and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa analyzes the extent to which, how, and how fast the infrastructure needs of the poor have been met in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

This chapter contains sections titled: Assumptions Underlying Research on Emotion Regulation in the West Emotion Regulation in Cultural Context Socialization and the Development of Emotion Regulation Summary and Conclusions References

This chapter contains sections titled: A Definitional and Metatheoretical Prologue The Goal Construct: Ubiquitous, But Underspecified Construing the Journey: Goal Process Representation and the GSAB Regulatory Mutuality Affect Regulation: Developing and Using TEARS Goal‐Discrepant Evaluation of Self: The Impact of Inverse Identities Concluding Comment References

GABA interneurons play a critical role in higher brain functions. Astrocytic glial cells interact with synapses throughout the whole brain and are recognized as regulatory elements of excitatory synaptic transmission. However, it is largely unknown how GABAergic interneurons and astrocytes interact and contribute to stable performance of complex behaviors. Here, we found that genetic ablation of GABA B receptors in medial prefrontal cortex astrocytes altered low-gamma oscillations and firing properties of cortical neurons, which affected goal-directed behaviors. Remarkably, working memory deficits were restored by optogenetic stimulation of astrocytes with melanopsin. Furthermore, melanopsin-activated astrocytes in wild-type mice enhanced the firing rate of cortical neurons and gamma oscillations, as well as improved cognition. Therefore, our work identifies astrocytes as a hub for controlling inhibition in cortical circuits, providing a novel pathway for the behaviorally relevant midrange time-scale regulation of cortical information processing and consistent goal-directed behaviors. Mederos et al. show that GABA B receptor signaling in astrocytes regulates prefrontal cortex activity to impact goal-directed behaviors. Thus, the coordinated activity of GABAergic neurons and astrocytes helps decision-making.

Prior consumer research has demonstrated the ability of promotion and prevention regulatory orientations to moderate a variety of consumer and marketing phenomena but also has used several different methods to measure chronic regulatory focus. This article assesses five chronic regulatory focus measures using the criteria of theoretical coverage, internal consistency, homogeneity, stability, and predictive ability. The results reveal a lack of convergence among the measures and variation in their performance along these criteria. The authors provide specific guidance for choosing a particular measure in regulatory focus research and suggest a composite measure.