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"RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS"
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Rising from the Margins: The Formation of the Institutional Features of Religious Organizations—A Case Study of the Development of Chan Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism in the Early Tang Dynasty
How are the institutional features of religious organizations formed? In seeking to explain religious change and development, an increasing number of sociologists of religion emphasize the importance of organizational features. However, few scholars have examined how these institutional features take shape during the early stages of religious organizations. Given that emerging religions often originate in marginalized contexts with scarce resources and limited support, this paper draws on the theory of interstitial space to analyze how such relatively unstructured and flexible environments—which provide greater freedom and adaptability for agents—affect religious development. The study finds that interstitial space fosters religious innovation and helps shape the institutional features of emerging religions. Furthermore, this paper proposes four explanatory mechanisms to illustrate how the interstitial space in multiple marginalized areas shapes the features of religious organizations. These mechanisms can shed light on the development of various religious sects, including Chan Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism in the early Tang dynasty.
Journal Article
Muslim Brotherhood and terrorism : facts and evidence
\"This book reviews facts and evidence based on the Muslim Brotherhood's own literature, the thoughts of its leaders and its notable figures that prove the group's connections with extremist thought and violent and terrorist acts, whose impact has gone beyond the Arab region to affect all corners of the globe. Moreover, this book seeks to reveal the truth that the Muslim Brotherhood has always sought to hide regarding its responsibility for spreading extremism and terrorism under the pretext and slogans of moderation and claims of grievances.\" --Page [4] of cover.
Book
Church Union Movement and the Establishment of the “United Church of Christ in Japan”
The establishment of the United Church of Christ in Japan (nihon kirisuto kyōdan 日本基督教団) marked the culmination of the Church Union Movement in Imperial Japan. Although the Church Union Movement can be traced back to the Meiji era, no significant breakthroughs were made until 1939 due to the refusal of some denominations. In this article, I aim to clarify the process and causes behind the formation of the united church, while also attempting to understand the interaction pattern between the State and Christianity under an increasing wartime totalitarian regime. In April 1939, the Diet passed the Religious Organizations Law (syūkyō dantai hō 宗教団体法), a bill aimed at strengthening state control over religions, which required Christian denominations to establish religious organizations. With the war intensifying Japan’s antagonism toward Western countries, Christianity as a foreign religion faced progressive attacks from the nationalist sects. Some denominations, like the Salvation Army, were accused of espionage due to their international connections and were monitored by gendarmerie (kenpeitai 憲兵隊). Facing harsh pressure, Christians sought to project a patriotic image, ultimately leading to the formation of the United Church as a survival strategy amidst a hostile social-political environment.
Journal Article
Searching for Boko Haram : a history of violence in Central Africa
\"For the past decade, Boko Haram has relentlessly terrorized northeastern Nigeria. Few if any explanations for the rise of this violent insurgent group look beyond its roots in worldwide jihadism and recent political conflicts in central Africa. Searching for Boko Haram is the first book to examine the insurgency within the context of centuries, millennia even, of cultural change in the region. The book surveys the deep history of the lands south of Lake Chad, richly documented in archaeology and texts, to show how ancient natural and cultural events can aid in our understanding of Boko Haram's present agenda. The land's historical narrative stretches back five centuries, with cultural origins that plunge even deeper into the past. One important feature of this past is the phenomenon of frontiers and borderlands. In striking ways, Boko Haram resembles the frontier slave raiders and warlords who figure in precolonial and colonial writings on the southern Lake Chad Basin. Presently, these accounts are paralleled by the activity of smugglers, bandits (coupeurs de route--\"road cutters\"), and tax evaders. The borderlands of these countries are today places where the state often refuses to exercise its full authority because of the profits and opportunities illicit relationships afford state officials and bureaucrats. For the local community, Boko Haram's actions are readily understandable in terms of slave raids and borderlands. They are not mysterious and unprecedented eruptions of violence and savagery, but--as the book argues--recognizable phenomena within the contexts of local politics and history. Written from the perspective of an author who has worked in this part of Africa for more than thirty years, Searching for Boko Haram provides vital historical context to the recent rise of this terroristic force, and counters misperceptions of their activities and of the region as a whole.\"--Publisher's description.
Book
Comparative Study of the Utilization of Social Media by Indigenous Religious Organizations in Indonesia: The Cases of Paguyuban Budaya Bangsa and Lalang Rondor Malesung
This study explores the use of social media by indigenous religious organizations in Indonesia to preserve cultural identity and teachings amidst the challenges of the digital era. Focusing on two contrasting cases—Paguyuban Budaya Bangsa (PBB) in Central Java and Lalang Rondor Malesung (Laroma) in North Sulawesi—the research examines how each organization approaches digital adaptation within its social and cultural context. PBB, with its conservative stance, prioritizes traditional methods of knowledge transmission and maintains a cautious approach to digital media, while Laroma embraces social media to engage youth and promote cultural heritage to a global audience. The study identifies three key factors in the digital preservation of indigenous cultures: digital preservation strategies, intergenerational knowledge transfer, and youth participation in cultural preservation. Findings reveal that while both organizations face challenges in balancing digital engagement with cultural authenticity, Laroma’s proactive use of digital platforms, particularly through youth-driven initiatives, offers a model for broader cultural dissemination and preservation. In contrast, PBB's selective approach underscores the importance of safeguarding sacred knowledge and ensures that digital platforms do not undermine cultural values. The research contributes to intercultural communication and media studies by highlighting the complex interplay between tradition and digital innovation, offering insights into how marginalized communities can navigate the digital landscape to preserve their cultural heritage. The study advocates for context-sensitive strategies that integrate both traditional authority and youth-led digital initiatives to effectively preserve cultural heritage in a rapidly changing world.
Journal Article
Boko Haram : security considerations and the rise of an insurgency
\"Boko Haram analyzes the activities and atrocities of Nigeria's Jihadi terrorist group, Boko Haram in the context of global religious fundamentalism and extremism. The book traces the early beginnings of the religious sect, the conversion of its leader to radical Islam in 2002, and the group's campaign of violence beginning in 2009 and continuing to the present. The group's attacks against a variety of targets are examined in detail as are their general tactics and strategies. The Nigerian government response is also examined in order to provide critical lessons to counter-terrorism planners, officials and scholars. The initial military response was hampered by capability and legislative constraints including lack of arms and ammunitions, lack of modern counter-terrorism equipment, training gap, leadership issues, intelligence gap, politicization of the conflict, and limited support for the Nigerian Military by the international community. The book looks at the work that has been done thus far, and what work needs to continue, to make gains to combat, marginalize, and ultimately defeat Boko Haram and resolve the conflict facing Nigeria.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Comparing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia by Affiliation to Muslim Organizations
Very few studies explicitly, let alone quantitatively, examine gaps in religious intolerance among individual Muslims based on a liation with major Muslim organizations in Indonesia. Most existing studies either focus on a single organization (non-comparative), are at the organizational
policy level (not examining individual attitudes), or use a limited number of samples in their analysis. Against this backdrop, this study compares Indonesian Muslims' levels of religious intolerance based on their a liation with Muslim organizations or traditions: Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah,
and other organizations. We utilize a large-scale household survey, the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey-5, and run an ordinal logistic regression to identify organizations' rank on the religious intolerance scale. We find that Muslims without any a liation with a Muslim organization (some
18 percent of Indonesian Muslims) are the most tolerant. Against this reference group, we find that NU followers are generally the most tolerant, followed by those a liated with Muhammadiyah, and those a liated with other Muslim organizations. This finding adds a stock of knowledge to our
understanding of religion and society, especially regarding interfaith relations in Indonesia and in the Muslim world in general. Methodologically, this study also shows the benefit and feasibility of identifying the dynamic of religious intolerance using a quantitative approach at a micro
level.
Journal Article
Muslim institutions of higher education in postcolonial Africa
\"Muslim Institutions of Higher Education in Postcolonial Africa seeks to enrich the public debate on Muslim education in Africa by offering new insight into the evolving encounter between the diversity of local Islamic knowledge and the politics of transnational trends of Muslim education. Contributors include scholars in the field of Islamic education and administrators in Muslim institutions. Using theoretical studies, case studies of these institutions, and analyzing issues of intellectual viability and graduate visibility in these institutions this volume is will serve students from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
New Religious Movements in a Secular State
The research analyzes problems associated with new religious movements in a secular state, using the example of the Russian Federation. It has been established that a state in which religion and the state are separated from each other is recognized as secular. The state and state bodies are separated from the Church and religious associations and do not interfere with their activities. In turn, the latter do not interfere with the activities of the state and state bodies. A secular state implies: the absence of any religious authority over state bodies, the inadmissibility of the performance of any state functions by the Church or its hierarchs; the absence of compulsory religion for public servants and authorities; the state's non-recognition of the legal significance of Church acts and religious rules as sources of law; the state's refusal to finance the expenses of any Church or religious organization. The purpose of this article is to review, define, and comprehensively analyze the legal regulation of new religious movements in Russia, as well as to determine the legal status of these organizations, their activities and relationships with the state and state bodies.
Journal Article