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"RELIGIOUS PARTIES"
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Happy New Year, Spot!
At a New Year's Eve party, Spot and his friends make wishes for the coming year.
Book
Toward electoral (ir)relevance of moral traditionalism? Religious decline and voting in Western Europe (1981–2017)
This article tests two contrasting hypotheses about changes in the electoral relevance of moral traditionalism–progressiveness, which pertains to attitudes toward matters of procreation, sexuality, and family and gender roles. While the “cultural turn” literature expects the electoral relevance of moral traditionalism to increase over time alongside that of all other cultural issues, studies inspired by secularization theory rather predict a decrease in its relevance—due to religious decline. Analyzing the data from the European Values Study (1981–2017) for 20 West European countries, we find empirical evidence for a decrease and no indication of an increase in the electoral relevance of moral traditionalism. Religious decline weakened the effect of moral traditionalism on religious and conservative voting over time due to the most traditionalist voters shifting away from these parties. Our findings, therefore, highlight the need to differentiate between different types of cultural motives behind voting choice in Western Europe.
Journal Article
There was a party for Langston
A celebration of Langston Hughes and African American authors he inspired, told through the lens of the party held at the New York Public Library's Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in 1991.
BOOK
Religious diversification reduces the number of religious parties over time
Despite secularisation, there is growing recognition that some religious parties continue to influence elections and the formation of policy in several countries. What explains why religious parties persist in some countries but not others? This study tests an argument holding that religious diversification promotes political cooperation and therefore reduces the number of religious parties. Using a data set of religious parties across advanced industrial democracies between 1945 and 2011, this paper analyses this argument and finds that religious diversity puts downward pressure on the number of religious parties over time.
Journal Article
Islamic Religiosity and Regime Preferences: Explaining Support for Democracy and Political Islam in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Does religion or religiosity affect Muslims' regime preferences? Developing constructivist and ideational approaches, we theorize why and how religiosity shapes regime preferences. We test our hypotheses on our novel survey data from Azerbaijan in the Caucasus and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. Our findings question civilizationist, rationalist, and modernizationist theories by showing that religiosity among Muslims strongly affects regime preferences for various types of democracy and political Islam. Religious affiliation, however, does not. Finally, we challenge standard measurements of democratic support among Muslims and argue for more nuanced definitions; our surveys generate significant improvements in data for studying these issues.
Journal Article
Moderating Islamism in Indonesia: Tracing Patterns of Party Change in the Prosperous Justice Party
This article analyzes why, how and to what extent Indonesia's once staunchly Islamist Prosperous Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera; PKS) has become more moderate through its participation in democratic procedures. lt also examines how this moderation process has affected the party's electoral performance and the overall quality of democracy in Indonesia. It is argued that PKS has indeed become more moderate and that this moderation has, after initial electoral success, now posed some serious challenges to the party's organizational coherence. The article concludes by highlighting that moderation is a process that is neither linear nor unreservedly positive for democratization.
Journal Article
Moderation of Religious Parties: Electoral Constraints, Ideological Commitments, and the Democratic Capacities of Religious Parties in Israel and Turkey
Whether religious parties' inclusion in electoral competition moderates or polarizes their positions remains an enigma as deductive accounts yield contradictory results. This analysis questions the institution-and ideology-centered approaches to party change and shows that dichotomizing religious parties as moderate or extreme and moderation as a monolithic process obscures religious parties' role in democracy. When scholars view moderation as consisting of behavioral and ideological dimensions and examine it through an inductive analysis of Israel and Turkey's religious parties, several modes of moderation emerge with different democratic outcomes. While some bolster procedural democracy, others thwart the expansion of liberal democracy.
Journal Article
The Political Incorporation of Anti-System Religious Parties: the Case of Turkish Political Islam (1994–2011)
When and how do anti-system religious parties become incorporated into the political system of their countries? In recent decades, social scientists have sought answers to this question within the framework of the moderation literature. While moderation theory identifies key factors that influence party leaders’ willingness to seek political incorporation, it is less successful in explaining the contingent outcome of the incorporation process. This article develops an alternative analytical framework for the study of political incorporation grounded in social performance theory. Through a case study of Islamic parties in Turkey between 1994 and 2011, the author demonstrates that political incorporation is as much a function of successful cultural performances on the public stage as the right alignment of institutional incentives and sanctions. As a result of the Justice and Development Party leaders’ successful projection of a mainstream political identity between 2002 and 2011, secularist state elites in Turkey failed to establish legitimate grounds for a political intervention, which in turn provided the party with the time and opportunity to remove the institutional barriers to its incorporation.
Journal Article
The Muslim Brotherhood
The Muslim Brotherhood is one of the most influential Islamist organisations today. Based in Egypt, its network includes branches in many countries of the Near and Middle East. Although the organisation has been linked to political violence in the past, it now proposes a politically moderate ideology.
The book provides an in-depth analysis of the Muslim Brotherhood during the years of al-Hudaybi’s leadership, and how he sought to steer the organization away from the radical wing, inspired by Sayyid Qutb, into the more moderate Islamist organization it is today. It is his legacy which eventually fostered the development of non-violent political ideas.
During the years of persecution, 1954 to 1971, radical and moderate Islamist ideas emerged within the Brotherhood’s midst. Inspired by Sayyid Qutb’s ideas, a radical wing evolved which subsequently fed into radical Islamist networks as we know them today. Yet, it was during the same period that al-Hudaybi and his followers proposed a moderate political interpretation, which was adopted by the Brotherhood and which forms its ideological basis today.
Introduction Part 1: The Muslim Brotherhood during the Years 1949-1973 1. The Brotherhood in Disarray: The Legacy of Hasan al-Banna 2. The Struggle for New Leadership: Al-Hudaybi and his Competitors 3. The Brotherhood and the Revolution: Co-Operation, Contention, Clash 4. The Time of Persecution: Dissolved but not Dispelled 5. Reestablishment under a New Paradigm Part 2: The Discourse of the Prison Years: Radical Ideas and Moderate Responses 6. Sayyid Qutb: Father of Radical Islamist Ideas? 7. Qutbists and their Worldview Part 3: Preachers not Judges 8. Text, Composition and Authorship 9. The Ultimate Question: Muslim or Kafir? 10. Shari’a: Divine Law or Human Consent 11. The theology of an Islamic Government 12. Obedience or Opposition
Barbara Zollner is Associate Lecturer in Islamic Studies, Birkbeck College
'... for those interested in a full understanding of how the Muslim Brothers evolved from Hasan al-Banna’s time to its present status, the work is indispensable reading.' - Bjørn Olav Utvik, University of Oslo, The Middle East Journal, Summer 2009
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