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Status of women empowerment can be measured in terms of sending remittance. Sending remittance is conventionally a male domain because mostly male migration takes place for the employment purpose that is embedded in Indian patriarchal society. In contrast, the National Sample Survey data 64th round ‘Migration in India’ reveals that large numbers of the female also remit. The study focuses on how remittance restructured gender relations even it also breaks the stereotype perception for the women in the society. On these backdrops, the paper tries to find out the geographical pattern and socio-economic backgrounds of the women remitter in India. The data show that women and men of the first-quartile class has remit more than the others. A woman of the economically backward states has remits more, except south India, than other states of the country.

Objective. Asenapine, a second-generation antipsychotic, seems to be an effective and tolerable alternative to other treatments for patients with manic or mixed episodes. The objective of our naturalistic observational study was to identify asenapine responders and remitters and to compare responders vs. non-responders and remitters vs. non-remitters, as far as clinical and socio-demographic features are concerned. Materials and methods. We recruited patients with diagnosis of manic episode in bipolar I (BD I) or schizoaffective disorder, with clinical indication to asenapine treatment. Patients’ assessment was performed at baseline (T0), after 1 week (T1) and after 4 weeks (T2) of treatment, with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS; T0,T1,T2) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D; T0, T2). According to YMRS scores, we classified patients as early improvers, treatment responders, and treatment remitters. Results. A significant decrease was found in HAM-D scores from baseline to T2, with no significant difference between remitters and non-remitters or responders vs. non-responders. The YMRS score significantly improved from baseline to T2, with a significant difference between remitters and non-remitters, but not between responders and non-responders. No difference was found between responders and non-responders as far as socio-demographic and clinical variables, and questionnaire baseline scores are concerned. Remitters and non-remitters showed significant differences in baseline YMRS scores, which were lower in the first and in the type of current episode, which was more frequently moderate in the former than in the latter. Conclusions. Early improvers comprised 51% of subjects, responders comprised 91.9% and remitters comprised 59.4%. Elderly manic patients with neurological impairment and/or dementia may have poorer therapeutic outcomes. Our results suggest that: 1) decision regarding treatment discontinuation should be cautious in patients who fail to have an early response to asenapine; 2) different diagnosis (BD or schizoaffective disorder) does not seem to have a significant impact on asenapine efficacy; 3) remission with asenapine is more likely to happen for less severe manic episodes. Further naturalistic studies on larger samples are required to support our findings.

Empirical studies that use self-reported data on remittances to measure the latter's impact on microeconomic incentives mostly ignore the potential errors associated with reporting/measurement issues. An econometric procedure to control for these errors is developed and applied to household-level data from Armenia. We find evidence of systematic under-reporting of remittances. After controlling for this, we find a strong negative impact of remittances on incentives to work.

This paper uses a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model to investigate the influence of countercyclical remittances on the conduct of fiscal and monetary policy and trace their effects on real and nominal variables in a business cycle setting. We show that remittances raise disposable income and consumption, and insure against income shocks, thereby raising household welfare. However, remittances increase the correlation between labor and output, thereby producing a more volatile business cycle and increasing output and labor market risk. Optimal monetary policy in the presence of remittances deviates from the Friedman rule, highlighting the need for independent government policy instruments.

Terrorism can endanger innocent human life and tear the very threads that hold society together, namely, trust and security. Governments have mobilized a variety of tools in response, ranging from the political to the economic. In attempting to prevent and detect terrorist financing and other forms of material support, those offering financial services have been required to heighten their vigilance of potential terrorist abuse of those services. While protecting financial services from potential abuse, care should be taken not to deny access to those services to those most in need. Dejection and social exclusion are very often conducive to terrorism; therefore, ensuring inclusion of the disenfranchised and creating possibilities for their advancement are key parts of the broader, long-term struggle against terrorism and extremism. The paper begins with a brief description of alternative remittance system (ARS) models and their prevalence. It then covers their potential relationship with terrorist financing, citing cases where ARS have been abused for terrorism financing (TF) purposes. Ways in which countries may control these risks and indications of their effectiveness are covered next. The final chapter provides recommendations on how best to mitigate the risks while ensuring legitimate access to financial services via ARS.

The paper seeks to assess the macroeconomic implications of large-scale inward remittances for a small open economy. By including remittances in several standard models, the paper concludes that the overall macroeconomic impact of remittances is likely to be ambiguous. The impact depends on the structural characteristics of the receiving country, in particular its consumption and investment patterns, and its capacity to manage large financial inflows. As data deficiencies and methodological problems associated with remittances preclude crosscountry empirical investigation, the paper illustrates these findings with data on Tajikistan, where remittances as a share of GDP are among the highest in the world. The paper also evaluates the pros and cons of remittances in a broader political economy context.

Several economies in the Caribbean region, especially from the lower income group, are highly dependent on remittances. Between 1991 and 2006, the combined flows of total remittances reaching the Caribbean have seen almost a 17% average annual growth rate, surpassing USD 6billion in 2005 and overtaking ODA and FDI into the region. In addition, remittances represent more than 20% of the domestic gross domestic product (GDP) in some Caribbean countries and have played a significant role in lessening both balance of payment deficits and the impact of natural disasters to which the region is particularly vulnerable. Given the importance of such remittance flows, this study undertakes an analysis of the various dynamics underlying the Canada-Caribbean remittance corridor, including Caribbean migration issues, remittance market landscapes and regulatory frameworks. This study is intended to assist Canadian and Caribbean national authorities in their mandate of providing incentives for the continued growth and competitiveness of their remittance industries, while protecting remittance markets from being abused by criminals.

This study reports on recent development and future potential for U.S.-based Guatemalan workers cross-border retail transfers to be more formal, cheaper, and disposed to the cross-sale of financial products and services. It also presents the key features of remittances senders, recipients, instruments, and intermediaries involved. The paper focuses on three areas: (a) the main characteristics of the Guatemalan migrants in the United States and the key drivers behind their decision to remit money and to choose an intermediary; (b) financial infrastructure supporting U.S.-Guatemala remittances processing, especially the role of technology, payment systems and innovations going forward, as avenues to help lower transaction costs, among others; and (c) the landscape of workers remittances distribution in Guatemala, examines the characteristics of recipients and the evidence of remittances impact, and analyzes the indications of potential for cross-sale of financial services to recipients.