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Enemies among Us
Recent decades have drawn more attention to the United States'
treatment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Few people
realize, however, the extent of the country's relocation,
internment, and repatriation of German and Italian Americans, who
were interned in greater numbers than Japanese Americans. The
United States also assisted other countries, especially in Latin
America, in expelling \"dangerous\" aliens, primarily Germans. In
Enemies among Us John E. Schmitz examines the causes,
conditions, and consequences of America's selective relocation and
internment of its own citizens and enemy aliens, as well as the
effects of internment on those who experienced it. Looking at
German, Italian, and Japanese Americans, Schmitz analyzes the
similarities in the U.S. government's procedures for those they
perceived to be domestic and hemispheric threats, revealing the
consistencies in the government's treatment of these groups,
regardless of race. Reframing wartime relocation and internment
through a broader chronological perspective and considering
policies in the wider Western Hemisphere, Enemies among Us
provides new conclusions as to why the United States relocated,
interned, and repatriated both aliens and citizens considered
enemies.
eBook
Comparison of hybrid membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR)/suspended growth and conventional biological nutrient removal processes
Mathematical modelling was used to investigate the possibility to use membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs) in a largely anoxic suspended growth bioreactor to produce the nitrate-nitrogen required for heterotrophic denitrification and the growth of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs). The results indicate that such a process can be used to achieve a variety of process objectives. The capture of influent biodegradable organic matter while also achieving significant total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal can be achieved with or without use of primary treatment by operation at a relatively short suspended growth solids residence time (SRT). Low effluent TIN concentrations can also be achieved, irrespective of the influent wastewater chemical oxygen demand (COD)/total nitrogen (TN) ratio, with somewhat larger suspended growth SRT. Biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal can also be effectively achieved. Further experimental work is needed to confirm these modelling results.
Journal Article
Contribution of wetlands to nitrate removal at the watershed scale
Intensively managed row crop agriculture has fundamentally changed Earth surface processes within the Mississippi River basin through large-scale alterations of land cover, hydrology and reactive nitrogen availability. These changes have created leaky landscapes where excess agriculturally derived nitrate degrades riverine water quality at local, regional and continental scales. Individually, wetlands are known to remove nitrate but the conditions under which multiple wetlands meaningfully reduce riverine nitrate concentration have not been established. Only one region of the Mississippi River basin—the 44,000 km2 Minnesota River basin—still contains enough wetland cover within its intensively agriculturally managed watersheds to empirically address this question. Here we combine high-resolution land cover data for the Minnesota River basin with spatially extensive repeat water sampling data. By clearly isolating the effect of wetlands from crop cover, we show that, under moderate–high streamflow, wetlands are five times more efficient per unit area at reducing riverine nitrate concentration than the most effective land-based nitrogen mitigation strategies, which include cover crops and land retirement. Our results suggest that wetland restorations that account for the effects of spatial position in stream networks could provide a much greater benefit to water quality then previously assumed.
Journal Article
High-ammonia selective metal–organic framework–derived Co-doped Fe/Fe₂O₃ catalysts for electrochemical nitrate reduction
Ammonia (NH₃) is an ideal carbon-free power source in the future sustainable hydrogen economy for growing energy demand. The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO₃⁻RR) is a promising approach for nitrate removal and NH₃ production at ambient conditions, but efficient electrocatalysts are lacking. Here, we present a metal–organic framework (MOF)–derived cobalt-doped Fe@Fe₂O₃ (Co-Fe@Fe₂O₃) NO₃⁻RR catalyst for electrochemical energy production. This catalyst has a nitrate removal capacity of 100.8 mg N gcat
−1 h−1 and an ammonium selectivity of 99.0 ± 0.1%, which was the highest among all reported research. In addition, NH₃ was produced at a rate of 1,505.9 μg h−1 cm−1, and the maximum faradaic efficiency was 85.2 ± 0.6%. Experimental and computational results reveal that the high performance of Co-Fe@Fe₂O₃ results from cobalt doping, which tunes the Fe d-band center, enabling the adsorption energies for intermediates to be modulated and suppressing hydrogen production. Thus, this study provides a strategy in the design of electrocatalysts in electrochemical nitrate reduction.
Journal Article
Free water surface constructed wetlands: review of pollutant removal performance and modeling approaches
Free water surface constructed wetlands (FWSCWs) for the treatment of various wastewater types have evolved significantly over the last few decades. With an increasing need and interest in FWSCWs applications worldwide due to their cost-effectiveness and other benefits, this paper reviews recent literature on FWSCWs' ability to remove different types of pollutants such as nutrients (i.e., TN, TP, NH
4
-N), heavy metals (i.e., Fe, Zn, and Ni), antibiotics (i.e., oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, sulfamethazine, and ofloxacin), and pesticides (i.e., Atrazine, S-Metolachlor, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, diuron 3,4-dichloroanilin, Simazine, and Atrazine) that may co-exist in wetland inflow, and discusses approaches for simulating hydraulic and pollutant removal processes. A bibliometric analysis of recent literature reveals that China has the highest number of publications, followed by the USA. The collected data show that FWSCWs can remove an average of 61.6%, 67.8%, 54.7%, and 72.85% of inflowing nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics, and pesticides, respectively. Optimizing each pollutant removal process requires specific design parameters. Removing heavy metal requires the lowest hydraulic retention time (HRT) (average of 4.78 days), removing pesticides requires the lowest water depth (average of 0.34 m), and nutrient removal requires the largest system size. Vegetation, especially
Typha spp.
and
Phragmites spp.
, play an important role in FWSCWs' system performance, making significant contributions to the removal process. Various modeling approaches (i.e., black-box and process-based) were comprehensively reviewed, revealing the need for including the internal process mechanisms related to the biological processes along with plants spp., that supported by a further research with field study validations. This work presents a state-of-the-art, systematic, and comparative discussion on the efficiency of FWSCWs in removing different pollutants, main design factors, the vegetation, and well-described models for performance prediction.
Graphical abstract
Journal Article